James Greenway

James Cowan Greenway (7 April 1903 – 1989) was an American ornithologist. An eccentric, shy and sometimes reclusive man, his survey of extinct and vanishing birds provided the base for much subsequent work on bird conservation.

Early years

Greenway was born in New York City, the son of a wealthy physician, and grew up on the family estate at Greenwich, Connecticut. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduating in 1922, and Yale University from which he obtained an Bachelor of Arts degree in 1926. He then worked for a few years as a reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper.^[1]

Expeditions with Delacour

In 1929 Greenway became a partner in the Franco-Anglo-American Zoological Expedition to Madagascar. The expedition was sponsored by the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, the British Natural History Museum in London, and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York City, and led by French ornithologist Jean Delacour. Greenway took part in the expedition from April to August 1929, after which he and Delacour left Madagascar for Delacour’s fifth expedition to Indochina, where they collected zoological specimens in Tonkin and Annam.^[1]

Museum of Comparative Zoology

In 1932 Greenway joined the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) at Harvard University as Assistant Curator of Birds until 1952 and then, succeeding James Lee Peters, as Curator until 1960. During the 1930s he participated in several collecting expeditions to the Caribbean, especially the Bahamas. In 1936, he and one of his brothers flew across the Bahamas from north to south, and were the first to land a plane on East Caicos in the Turks and Caicos Islands; the school children were let out of school for the special occasion.^[1] Greenway also took part in Delacour’s seventh expedition to Indochina in 1938–1939.^[1]

During the Second World War Greenway served in the United States Navy. He was commissioned in 1941, becoming a Lieutenant in 1943 and later a Lieutenant Commander, while serving on aircraft carriers in the South West Pacific, in the Solomon Islands and on New Caledonia.^[1]

Following the war, Greenway resumed his ornithological work at the MCZ. It was from there that he produced in 1958 his survey of extinct and near-extinct birds, a book that provided a great stimulus to bird conservation over the next few decades. He was also active in the American Committee for International Wildlife Protection and later in the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP).^[1]

American Museum of Natural History

In 1960 Greenway left the MCZ for personal reasons, never to return there. Based back at his Greenwich estate, his subsequent ornithological work was carried out in association with the American Museum of Natural History, of which he was a trustee from 1960/61 to 1970/71. In 1962 he became a research associate in the Department of Ornithology there, a position he retained until his death. He began work on a list of the type specimens of birds held by the museum, a massive project not completed at the time of his death. He also instigated, part-financed and participated in a collecting expedition to New Caledonia in 1978, when he was 75 years old.^[1]

Greenway was married to Mary Frances Oakes, who died about the same time that he did. Relatively few other ornithologists had met him in person because an aversion to large gatherings meant that he probably never attended a single professional meeting or congress in his life.^[1] His sometime friend and colleague François Vuilleumier wrote of him:

”Shy and retiring he was, but his life and career, or at least what can be traced of them, were at times quite adventuresome. Jim Greenway was so reluctant to leave tracks behind him that, after his death, even his sons did not know important details of their father's academic career.”^[1]

”Jim Greenway was a profoundly eccentric man who was probably unable to tolerate others with a lesser streak of eccentricity than he had. He should be remembered especially as the person who was in charge of the very rich MCZ bird collection for many years, who helped avian conservation get a solid start, who wrote the classic Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World, who helped publish Peters' Check-list after Peters' death, and who assisted the Department of Ornithology at AMNH in many unrecorded but important ways.”^[1]

Publications

Although Greenway produced numerous scientific papers and collaborated in the preparation of other ornithological publications, the book Greenway is best known for is his 1958 work, Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World,^[1][2][3] which had a second edition published in 1967.^[4] Greenway had kept a file detailing extinct and at risk birds for years prior to the publication of the book and over several years created a draft book of the book in 1954, but took another four years to create the final version.^[5] This book was one of three published by the American Committee for International Wildlife Protection which were the precursors to the IUCN Red List which details species at risk of extinction; along with Francis Harper's Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World and Glover Morrill Allen's Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere.^[6][7] Today these books are seen as the inspiration behind the IUCN Red List.^[5]

Eponyms

In 1936 Thomas Barbour and Benjamin Shreve named two species of reptiles in Greenway's honor: Leiocephalus greenwayi, a curly-tailed lizard; and Tropidophis greenwayi, a dwarf boa.^[8]

References

1. Vuilleumier, François (1992). "In Memoriam: James C. Greenway, Jr, 1903–1989" (PDF). The Auk 109 (2): 377–380. doi:10.2307/4088206.
2. Dillon Ripley, S. (1958). "Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World". The Auk 75 (4): 480–482. doi:10.2307/4082117. JSTOR 4082117.
3. Greenway, James C., Jr. (1967). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World (2nd revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21869-4.
4. "Extinct and vanishing birds of the world". getcited.org.
5. Mark Burrow (2009). Nature's ghosts: confronting extinction from the age of Jefferson to the age of ecology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 165–167. ISBN 0-226-03814-9.
6. Richard Sidney Richmond Fitter, Maisie Fitter (November 1984). The Road to Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction : Proceedings of a Symposium Held by the Species Survival Commission, Madrid, 7 and 9 November 1984. IUCN. p. 1. ISBN 2-88032-929-9.
7. Adams, M. P.; Cooper, J. H. and Collar, N. J. (2003). "Extinct and endangered (‘E&E’) birds: a proposed list for collection catalogues" (PDF). Bull. B.O.C. 123A: 338.
8. Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Greenway", p. 107).