Jane McCrea

This depiction of The Death of Jane McCrea was painted in 1804 by John Vanderlyn (detail)

Jane McCrea (sometimes spelled McCrae or MacCrae, 1752 – July 27, 1777) was a young woman who was slain by Native Americans associated with the British army of Lieutenant General John Burgoyne during the American Revolutionary War. Affianced to a Loyalist serving in Burgoyne's army, her slaying led to expressions of outrage and an increase in Patriot military recruiting, especially in the days following her killing.

The propaganda that followed greatly accentuated her beauty, and the fact that she was associated with Loyalists (although her family was primarily active in serving the Patriot cause) undermined British claims of protection for Loyalists. Burgoyne's inability to punish the alleged killers also undermined British assertions that they were more civilized in their conduct of the war; the dissemination of this propaganda contributed to the success of Patriot recruiting drives in New York for several years.

McCrea's fiancé was reported to be bitter about the affair, and never married. The story of her life and death entered American folklore, and was used by James Fenimore Cooper in The Last of the Mohicans and Kenneth Lewis Roberts in Rabble in Arms.

Life and slaying

Jane McCrea was born one of the younger children in the large family of Rev. James McCrea of New Jersey. Since her mother's death and her father's remarriage she had been living with her brother John near Saratoga, New York, where she became engaged to David Jones.^[1] When the war began two of her brothers joined the American forces while her fiancé fled with other Loyalists to Quebec. As John Burgoyne's expedition neared the Hudson River during the summer of 1777, Colonel John McCrea took up his duty with a regiment of the Albany County militia. Jones was serving as a lieutenant in one of the Loyalist militia units accompanying Burgoyne, and was stationed at Fort Ticonderoga after its capture.^[2]

McCrea left her brother's home and was travelling to join her fiancé at Ticonderoga. She had reached the village by the old Fort Edward, but so had the war.^[1] She was staying at the home of Sara McNeil, another Loyalist and an elderly cousin to the British General Simon Fraser. On the morning of July 27, 1777, a group of Native Americans, an advance party from Burgoyne's army led by a Wyandot known as Le Loup or Wyandot Panther, descended on the village of Fort Edward. They massacred a settler and his family, and then killed Lieutenant Tobias Van Vechten and four others when they walked into an ambush.^[3] What happened next is a subject of some dispute; what is known is that Jane McCrea and Sara McNeil were taken by the natives and separated. McNeil was eventually taken to the British camp, where either she or David Jones recognized McCrea's supposedly distinctive scalp being carried by a native.^[4]

The traditional version of what happened appears to be based on the account of Thomas Anburey, a British officer.^[5] Two warriors, one of whom was Wyandot Panther, were escorting McCrea to the British camp, when they quarreled over an expected reward for bringing her in. One of them then killed and scalped her, and Wyandot Panther ended up with the scalp. Anburey claimed she was taken against her will, but there were also rumors that she was being escorted at her fiancé, David Jones' request. The second version of the story, apparently advanced by Wyandot Panther under questioning, was that McCrea was killed by a bullet fired by pursuing Americans.^[6] James Phinney Baxter, in supporting this version of events in his 1887 history of Burgoyne's campaign, asserts that an exhumation of her body revealed only bullet wounds, and no tomahawk wounds.^[7]

Reaction to killing

When Burgoyne heard of the killing he went to the Native American camp and ordered the culprit to be delivered, threatening to have him executed. He was told by General Fraser and Luc de la Corne, the agent leading the Native Americans, that such an act would cause the defection of all the Native Americans and might cause them to take revenge as they went back north.^[8] Burgoyne relented, and no action was taken against the Native Americans.^[9]

News of her death traveled relatively quickly by the standards of the time. News accounts were published in Pennsylvania on August 11 and on August 22 as far away as Virginia. Often the accounts became more exaggerated as they traveled, describing indiscriminate killings of large numbers of Loyalists and Patriots alike. Burgoyne's campaign had intended to use the Indians as a means to intimidate the colonists; however, the American reaction to the news was not the one hoped for.^[10] The propaganda war received a boost after Burgoyne wrote a letter to the American general Horatio Gates, complaining about American treatment of prisoners taken in the August 17 Battle of Bennington. Gates' response was widely reprinted:^[11]

That the savages of America should in their warfare mangle and scalp the unhappy prisoners who fall into their hands is neither new nor extraordinary; but that the famous Lieutenant General Burgoyne, in whom the fine gentleman is united with the soldier and the scholar, should hire the savages of America to scalp europeans and the descendants of europeans, nay more, that he should pay a price for each scalp so barbarously taken, is more than will be believed in England. [...] Miss McCrae, a young lady lovely to the sight, of virtuous character and amiable disposition, engaged to be married to an officer of your army, was [...] carried into the woods, and there scalped and mangled in the most shocking manner [...]

—Gates to Burgoyne^[11]

News accounts elaborated on her beauty, describing her as "lovely in disposition, so graceful in manners and so intelligent in features, that she was a favorite of all who knew her", and that her hair "was of extraordinary length and beauty, measuring a yard and a quarter".^[1] One of the only contemporary accounts by someone who actually saw her was that of James Wilkinson, who described her as "a country girl of honest family in circumstances of mediocrity, without either beauty or accomplishments."^[11] Later accounts embellished on details; historian Richard Ketchum notes that the color of her hair has been described as everything from black to blonde to red; he also cites an 1840s examination of an alleged lock of her hair that described it as "reddish".^[4]

Her death, and those of others in similar raids, inspired some of the resistance to Burgoyne's invasion leading to his defeat at the Battle of Saratoga. The effect expanded as reports of the incident were used as propaganda to excite rebel sympathies later in the war, especially before the 1779 Sullivan Expedition.^[12]

David Jones, apparently bitter over the experience, never married, and settled in Canada as a United Empire Loyalist.^[13] The story eventually became a part of American folklore. An anonymous poet wrote "The Ballad of Jane McCrea" that was set to music and became a popular folk song. In Philadelphia in 1799 Ricketts' Circus performed "The Death of Miss McCrea", a pantomime co-written by John Durang.^[14] John Vanderlyn painted the portrait (shown above) in 1803, and James Fenimore Cooper described similar events in his novel The Last of the Mohicans.^[15][16] There are several markers in and near Fort Edward commemorating her death.^[17]

Exhumations

McCrea's remains have been moved three times. The first time was in 1822, and the second was in 1852 when they were moved to the Union Cemetery in Fort Edward. The body was exhumed again in 2003 in hopes of solving the mystery of her death. Unexpectedly, two bodies—those of McCrea and Sara McNeil—were found in the grave. The 1822 move had placed McCrea's remains atop the burial vault of McNeil (who died in 1799 of natural causes). The skeletons of both were largely complete, except that McCrea's skull was missing, possibly due to reported grave-looting in the 19th century. The bodies were exhumed again in 2005 for further analysis, and were this time reburied in separate graves.^[18][19]

References

Notes

1. Ward (1952), p. 496
2. Lossing (1873), p. 250
3. Ketchum (1997), pp. 273–274
4. Ketchum (1997), p. 275
5. Anburey (2007 [1789]), p. 219
6. Belcher (1911), p. 296
7. Baxter (1887), pp. 235–236
8. Ketchum (1997), p. 276
9. Graymont (1972), p. 151
10. Ketchum (1997), p. 277
11. Ward (1952), p. 497
12. Rushworth (2005), p. 16
13. Lossing (1873), p. 254
14. Magriel (1978), p. 33
15. Holsinger (1999), p. 33
16. Mottram (2007), p. 169
17. Houghton (2004), pp. 78–87
18. Jane McCrea at Find a Grave
19. Starbuck (2006)

Bibliography

• Anburey, Thomas (2007) [1789]. Travels Through the Interior Parts of America. Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-0015-4. OCLC 148816820.
• Baxter, James Phinney; Digby, William (1887). The British invasion from the north. Albany, NY: J. Munsell's Sons. OCLC 14246422.
• Belcher, Henry (1911). The first American civil war: first period,1775–1778. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1940460.
• Graymont, Barbara (1972). The Iroquois in the American Revolution. New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0116-6. OCLC 258209951.
• Holsinger, M. Paul (1999). War and American Popular Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1998. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29908-7. OCLC 237327285.
• Houghton, Raymond C (2004). A Revolutionary War Road Trip on US Route 4. Delmar, NY: Cyber Haus. ISBN 978-1-931373-09-8. OCLC 69658776.
• Ketchum, Richard M (1997). Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-6123-9. OCLC 41397623.
• Lossing, Benson (1872). The Life and Times of Philip Schuyler, Volume 2. New York: Sheldon. OCLC 2571605.
• Magriel, Paul David (1978). Chronicles of the American dance: from the Shakers to Martha Graham. New York: Da Capo Press.
• Mottram, Robert H (2007). In Search of America's Heartbeat. Minneapolis, MN: Hillcrest Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-934248-36-2. OCLC 213296453.
• Rushworth, Vitoria (2005). Battles of the American Revolution, Saratoga. Pelham, NY: Benchmark Education Company. ISBN 978-1-4108-5109-3. OCLC 275184643.
• Starbuck, David (Winter 2006). "The Mystery of the Second Body: A forensic investigation of Jane McCrea's final resting place". Retrieved 2009-05-15. This article also contains a forensic reconstruction of Sara McNeil's face.
• Ward, Christopher (1952). The War of the Revolution. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-61608-080-8. OCLC 601103884.

Further reading

• Cooper, James Fenimore (1889) [1826]. The Last of the Mohicans. New York: Appleton. OCLC 9088008. (one of many editions of this work)