John of Montfort

John of Montfort
Citizens of Nantes paying homage to John
Duke of Brittany
Reign	1341–1345
Predecessor	John III
Successor	John IV
Born	1295 Hennebont
Died	16 September 1345 (aged 49–50) Hennebont
Spouse	Joanna of Flanders
House	House of Dreux
Father	Arthur II, Duke of Brittany
Mother	Yolande de Dreux

John of Montfort (in Breton Yann Moñforzh, in French Jean de Montfort) (1295 – 16 September 1345, Château d'Hennebont), sometimes known as John IV, Duke of Brittany,^{[lower-alpha 1]} and 6th Earl of Richmond from 1341 to his death. He was the son of Arthur II, Duke of Brittany and his second wife, Yolande de Dreux. He contested the inheritance of the Duchy of Brittany by his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, which led to the War of the Breton Succession, which in turn evolved into being part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. John's patron in his quest was King Edward III of England.^[1] He died in 1345, 19 years before the end of the war, and the victory of his son John IV over Joan of Penthièvre and her husband, Charles of Blois.

Biography

John of Montfort was born in 1295, the only son to Arthur II of Brittany and his second wife Yolande of Dreux. In 1322 he inherited from his mother the title of count of Montfort-l'Amaury,^[2] and in 1329 he married Joanna of Flanders in Chartres. Joanna was the daughter of Louis I, Count of Nevers, and Joan, Countess of Rethel. They had two children.^[3]

• John IV, Duke of Brittany (1339–1399), married (1) Mary of England (1344–1362), daughter of King Edward III of England, in 1361 in Oxfordshire; (2) Joan Holand of Kent (1350–1384) in 1366 in London; (3) infanta Juana de Navarra (1370–1437), daughter of King Carlos II of Navarre, in 1386 in Saillé-près-Guérande.^[4]
• Joan of Brittany, Baroness of Drayton (1341–1402), married before 21 October 1385 to Ralph Basset, 3rd Lord Basset of Drayton^[5]

Succession to Duke John III

On 30 April 1341, John III, Duke of Brittany, died without a male heir. His half-brother, John of Montfort, was a candidate for the succession, which was also claimed by Joan of Penthièvre, niece of John III and wife of Charles of Blois, himself a nephew of the Philip VI, King of France. The King was, of course, favorable to his nephew.

The Duchy of Brittany historically had a "semi-Salic" mode of inheritance; male primogeniture was followed unless no direct male descendants remained. At that point the closest female descendant inherited as Duchess, with her husband serving as Duke by "right of representation". The position of John of Montfort was legally founded on the belief that a brother (even a half-brother) was a closer heir than a beneficiary niece, and that the Salic form of inheritance adopted by the Kingdom of France should be followed. This argument was based on the fact that since 1297 Brittany had been a Duché-pairie ("member and part of the crown"), and that the legislation of the suzerain kingdom should therefore be applied.^[6] Challenges to the Salic law of the Franks had historically been rejected for the Kingdom of France, allowing Philip V to gain the throne in 1316, and Philip VI most recently. This made Edward III's support of John of Montfort quite ironic, in that the argument for Edward III to inherit the Kingdom of France was based on the opposing philosophy that the crown should be able to descend through a female line.

A civil war, termed the War of the Breton Succession, then began and lasted 23 years. This conflict was also called La guerre de deux Jeanne, after the French names of the two duchesses in competition: Jeanne de Penthièvre and Jeanne de Flanders, wife of John of Montfort.

Early stages of the War (1341)

After the funeral of John III, Charles of Blois returned to the Court of France and John of Montfort returned to his Breton estate in Guérande. Then, incited by his wife (according to tradition), he went with a small army to Nantes where he was well received by the inhabitants who swore their loyalty. John then went to Limoges where he managed to obtain the ducal treasury. John returned to Nantes and was recognized as Duke in May 1341 by an assembly composed of members of the towns and minor nobles, but shunned by the major vassals with the exception of Hervé VII, Count of Léon. Thanks to the ducal treasury, he recruited mercenaries which allowed him to perform in June and July a 'great ride in Brittany' (as described by Arthur de la Borderie) and take control of the duchy. John first gained Rennes, then Vannes and the places surrounding the Château de Suscinio, Auray, Hennebont, and then Quimperlé. Having failed to take the domains of Rohan, he submitted Quimper and Brest before descending to Carhaix, and then went back northward and captured Saint-Brieuc, Lamballe, Jugon, Dinan, Dol-de-Bretagne, and returned to Nantes via Ploërmel.

Always accompanied by Hervé VII of Léon, John obtained the submission, if not the support, of some of the major nobles who possessed several of these strongholds and had been loyal to Charles of Blois. However it would probably require getting Josselin, or the support of the high secular clergy and great lords, or more, to control the domains of the Penthièvres and the House of Rohan, which represented about two-thirds of Brittany.^[7] John also went to England and met with Edward III of England in Windsor, who promised him military assistance and invested him with the Honour of Richmond.^[8]

Charles of Blois then made an appeal to Philip VI, who summoned John of Montfort to a Court of Peers session in Conflans in September 1341. In this context by the judgment of Conflans, the Duchy of Brittany was attributed to Charles of Blois. Philip VI agreed to receive l'hommage lige of Charles of Blois on behalf of his wife, and confiscated from John of Montfort the French lands of the County of Montfort-l'Amaury, as well as the Viscounty of Limoges that he held more unduly.^[9]

In October 1341, Charles of Blois and John II, Duke of Normandy (later King of France), put together an army and penetrated into Brittany. They managed to retrieve a number of strongholds which had been lost, including Nantes, which relented on 21 November 1341 after three weeks of siege. John of Montfort was captured and imprisoned in the Louvre in Paris. Despite the change of camp of Hervé VII de Leon (due to criticisms from John regarding his handling of the siege of Nantes), Joanna, the wife of John of Montfort, continued the armed struggle supported by his allies.^[10]

Subsequent stages of the War (1342–1345)

After a winter break that ended on 15 April 1342, Charles of Blois resumed the fight and regained a large part of Brittany between May and September 1342. King Edward III of England decided to intervene on behalf of the House of Montfort. Charles de Blois failed to take Hennebont, which was defended by Joanna of Flanders, while Robert III of Artois was mortally wounded besieging Vannes in vain leading an English contingent. In January 1343, through Pope Clement VI, a truce was signed at Malestroit to bring peace and the liberation of John of Montfort. The latter was released in September 1343 and retired to England 27 March 1345. His return to the struggle with reinforcements provided by King Edward III of England put an end to the truce. John of Montfort unsuccessfully laid siege to Quimper, then fell ill and died in Hennebont on 26 September 1345.

Tomb of John of Monfort

He was buried in the convent of the Dominicans of Quimperlé^{[lower-alpha 2]} where his tomb, which had already been desecrated, was found again in December 1883.^[11] His remains are now in the Church of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé.

Ancestry

Ancestors of John of Montfort

16. Peter I, Duke of Brittany               8. John I, Duke of Brittany                       17. Alix, Duchess of Brittany               4. John II, Duke of Brittany                             18. Theobald I of Navarre               9. Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany                       19. Agnes of Beaujeu               2. Arthur II, Duke of Brittany                                   20. John of England               10. Henry III of England                       21. Isabella of Angoulême               5. Beatrice of England                             22. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence               11. Eleanor of Provence                       23. Beatrice of Savoy               1. John of Montfort                                         24. Robert III, Count of Dreux               12. John I, Count of Dreux                       25. Aenor of Saint-Valéry               6. Robert IV, Count of Dreux                             26. Archambaud VIII of Bourbon               13. Marie of Bourbon                       27. Béatrice de Montluçon               3. Yolande of Dreux                                   28. Amaury VI de Montfort               14. Jean I de Montfort                       29. Beatrice of Burgundy               7. Beatrice de Montfort                             30. Geoffrey VI, Viscount de Chateaudun               15. Jeanne, Dame de Chateaudun                       31. Clémence des Roches

See also

• Dukes of Brittany family tree
• List of works of the two Folgoët ateliers

Notes

1. Some historians do not designate him as John IV, but simply as John of Montfort, with his son being designated as "John IV". This is especially true of French sources, as the French King never recognized him as Duke of Brittany, but rather as a pretender.
2. Founded around 1254 by the Duchess Blanche of Champagne, and known in Breton as the Abbaty Guen.

References

1. Charles William Previté-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 877.
2. Frédéric Morvan. La Chevalerie de Bretagne et la formation de l'armée ducale 1260–1341. Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, 2009, (ISBN 9782753508279) "Généalogie n°2: ducs de Bretagne de la maison de Dreux."
3. Michael Jones, The Creation of Brittany, (The Hambledon Press, 1988), 210.
4. Michael Jones, The Creation of Brittany, 123.
5. A. C. Chibnall, Sherington: Fiefs and Fields of a Buckinghamshire Village, (Cambridge University Press, 1965), 130.
6. Jean-Pierre Leguay & Hervé Martin. Fastes et malheurs de la Bretagne ducale 1213–1532. Ouest-France Université, Rennes (1982). (ISBN 285882309 X), p. 99.
7. Arthur de la Borderie. Histoire de la Bretagne. Reissue, Joseph Floch Mayenne (1975), third volume. p. 425–429.
8. Jean-Pierre Leguay & Hervé Martin, p.100
9. Arthur de la Borderie, p. 430–432.
10. Arthur de la Borderie, p. 441–449.
11. Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué. «Le tombeau de Jean de Montfort» rapport du 27 November 1884 de la Société archéologique du Finistère, Tome IX 1884, pp. 278–297.