Jerbourg Point

Map of the Jerbourg Peninsula
Jerbourg Point, the southeastern point of Guernsey,

Jerbourg Point or the Jerbourg Peninsula is the southeastern point of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, lying within St Martin Parish. It marks the end of the east coast cliffs and beginning of the south coast cliffs. It provides scenic views of the Little Russel and many other islands.[1]

History

People have lived on this point since Neolithic times and further during the Bronze age and Medieval age. It thus has a long history of habitation and defence system establishment, in the form of mounds and ditches, given its strategic location.[2] Pottery has been found in various parts of Jerbourg Point. Stone instruments, flint knives and arrow-heads, have been discovered in the earthworks, which extend from Bay Portelet on the west to La Bate des Murs near Le Bee du Nez.[3] During medieval times, defence on the point was strengthened to fend off raids from the French.

A Roman hoard, dating from the 3rd century was found in the 19th century, containing 68 tetradrachms minted in Alexandria during the reigns of the emperors Probus (4 coins), Carus (3 coins), Numerian (3 coins), Carinus (4 coins), Diocletian (34 coins) and Maximian (19 coins).[4]

A bomb-proof and gas-proof bunker was built during World War II by the Germans to control the large gun positions erected in the vicinity.[2] During the war, the Doyle Monument, which existed here, was demolished by the Germans and was replaced by a smaller version only after the war.[2] The original column erected at this point was in honour of Sir John Doyle, former Governor of the Island, in recognition of his contribution to building a road network and creating other facilities.[5] The point today is home to the Hotel Jerbourg.

Defence

There are three embankments that run across the narrowest part of the Jerbourg peninsular, ending on cliffs steep enough to not need flanking defences, in the centre of the defences is the Doyle column.

The inner bank revealed at the bottom of the ditch, which lied on the bedrock, arrow heads and pottery from the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age period, 2000 BC, the bank was stone faced. Around 1,200 BC a massive stone wall was placed in front of the existing wall. Repairs and a third wall were built around 500 BC. New works around 200 BC saw a massive glacis style turf rampart built, reinforced at the front with some stones.[6]:99

In the centuries before and after 1204, the defences may have been improved and supplemented with wooden palisades.

In 1313 an inquisition of Edward II and again in 1331 Matthew de Sausmarez was Captain of the Castle at Jerbourg and the Seigneur of the Manor of Sausmarez. There is a report of a garrison of twelve archers at Jerbourg after a battle with the French in 1338. They were all killed there.[7]

Platforms were built inside the inner bank to take mangonels and ballistae in the 14th Century.[6]:99

Two smaller earthworks on the tips of the Jerbourg and St Martins point headlands possible indicate defensive places of last resort.

Legend

A folk legend that is narrated in Le Petit Bon Homme Andriou in Guernsey is about the Archdruid, the last person to convert to Christianity. Druid was not willing to convert to Christianity when all his fellow people had already done so. He, therefore, decided to retire to a secluded cave in the cliff of Jerbourg Point. From this point, as was his regular habit to watch the sea during severe storm, he saw a ship at a distance approaching, heaving heavily towards the rocks of the peninsula to its utter doom. Druid, frightened by this scene, offered prayers to his pagan gods to save the ship and its passengers. As the gale did not abate and the crash became imminent, he prayed to the Christian God with a vow that if the ship was saved he would convert to Christianity and would build a chapel for the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God. As providence would have it, the storm abated and the disaster of ship wrecking against the Jerbourg Peninsula was averted.[8]

Geography

Looking out from the eastern side of the peninsula towards Sark.

The point marks the southeastern coast of the island of Guernsey. At 0.75 miles (1.21 km) in length, it is edged by steep cliffs which are 200 feet (61 m) in height. At the top of the plateau, the surface area can be as much as 300 feet (91 m) above sea level. The width of this landform at its northern and southern ends is a little more than 0.5 miles (0.80 km). However, its midsection is narrowed by the eastern corner of Moulin Huet Bay which is known as Petit Port; here, the promontory's width is only about 1,500 feet (460 m).[9]

The point is approachable by the main road from Sausmarez Manor, leading to La Moye Lane which ends on the cliff tops.[2] Mouilliere Rock, a dangerous rock for navigating ships is located offshore as are Les Grunes de Jerbourg, "very dangerous cluster of rocks a full half mile from the shore".[10][11] The Encyclopedia of the World's Landforms describes the point as "a jumble of rocky tors and buttresses on a Head-mantled slope undercut by rugged cliffs, descending to the Pea Stacks. Ribs of harder rock run out across the shore, and there is a shingle beach at high tide at Vaux Beres."[12] Along the coast between Jerbourg Point and Icart Point to the west there are said to be "a number of delightful bays and coves — Petit Port, with its lovely sands; Moulin Huet, with the Cradle Rock and the Dog and Lion Rocks a short distance offshore".[13] Moulin Huet Bay lies on the western side of the point towards Petit Port. At Moulin Huet Bay, which is slightly to the north of Jerbourg Point, relics of circular walls are seen embedded into rock walls in a precipitous state.[14] A 10-mile footpath traverses the whole length of the south coast between Jerbourg Point and Portelet Harbour in the southwest.[15] On the east coast are the less visited beaches of Marble bay and Divette. Geological formations seen here are of Gneissic rocks, as in the rest of the bay areas near Guernsey. The cliffs of Jerbourg consist of intersected mixed rocks which extend up to the Castle Point. The stratification is irregular with dips tending south.[5]

Archaeology

Teloschistes flavicans

Along the narrowest part of Jerbourg promontory's isthmus, there are earthworks fashioned as a defensible camp or fort. According to Gustave Jules Dupont in Histoire du Cotentin et de ses îles (1870), "they begin on the west side at the summit of the cliff at the head of the path from Petit Port... " Of the three embankments, the outer ones are the deepest, measuring approximately 8 feet (2.4 m). The embankments extend towards Doyle's Monument. Three ramparts are located on the east slope with the two northern ones being close together. Flint-chipping debris, arrowheads, Celtic pottery, stone axes, mullers, and an unfinished double-headed stone hammer have been found. The Guille-Allès Museum houses a flint arrowhead from this location.[9]

Wildlife

During the season flowers grow in profusion in the area giving a colourful carpet-like appearance to the terrain.[2] Along the approach path to the Jorgen point many pine trees are also seen.[1] Bridget Ozanne (1953–2007), a botanist, discovered the modern record of lichenized fungi species Teloschistes flavicans at Jerbourg.[16] Jerbourg is an important breeding ground for several species of gulls.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 "Guernsey Walks – Round the Island walks – Jerbourg to Fermain and back". Guernsey walker. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dillon, Paddy (1 November 1999). Channel Island walks. Cicerone Press Limited. pp. 127–131. ISBN 978-1-85284-288-8. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  3. ↑ Ethnological Society (London) (1870). Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. p. 56. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  4. ↑ Robinson, E. S. G. (1937). "A Hoard of Alexandrine Coins from Guernsey". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society: 135–138.
  5. 1 2 Ansted, David Thomas; Latham, Robert Gordon (1862). The Channel Islands. W.H. Allen. pp. 46,262. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  6. 1 2 Sebire, Heather. The Archaeology and Early history of the Channel Islands. NPI Media Group. ISBN 978-0752434490.
  7. ↑ Purton, Peter Fraser. A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200-1500, Volume 2. p. 120. ISBN 9781843834496.
  8. ↑ Spence, Lewis (February 2003). History and Origins of Druidism. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-0-7661-2995-5. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  9. 1 2 Kendrick, Thomas Downing (1928). The archaeology of the Channel Islands: The Bailiwick of Guernsey. Taylor & Francis. pp. 177–179. GGKEY:WWJJQFA7S6J. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  10. ↑ United States. Hydrographic Office; United States. Navy Dept (1928). North coast of France pilot: including the Channel islands. U.S. G.P.O. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  11. ↑ Sailing directions for the English Channel and coast of France; with an accurate description of the coasts of England, south of Ireland, and Channel islands, by J. and A. Walker. 1844. p. 165. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  12. ↑ Bird, Eric C. F. (October 2010). Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Springer. p. 565. ISBN 978-1-4020-8638-0. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  13. ↑ Lemprière, Raoul (1979). Portrait of the Channel Islands. Hale. p. 36. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  14. ↑ The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle. E. Cave. 1827. pp. 548–. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  15. ↑ Holland, Julian (15 July 2007). Exploring the Islands of England and Wales: Including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. frances lincoln ltd. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7112-2743-9. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  16. ↑ "Bridget Ozanne (1953–2007)". British Lichen Society. Retrieved 27 June 2011.

External links

Coordinates: 49°25′16″N 2°32′5″W / 49.42111°N 2.53472°W / 49.42111; -2.53472

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