Jesse Beams

Jesse Wakefield Beams
Born	December 25, 1898 Belle Plaine, Kansas, USA
Died	July 23, 1977 Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Residence	Charlottesville, Virginia
Citizenship	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Virginia
Alma mater	University of Virginia, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Doctoral advisor	Carroll M. Sparrow
Doctoral students	Leland Bradley Snoddy
Other notable students	Frank Hereford Edward P. Ney
Known for	Development of the ultracentrifuge
Notable awards	Howard N. Potts Medal (1942) National Medal of Science (1967)

Jesse Wakefield Beams (December 25, 1898^[1] in Belle Plaine, Kansas^[2] – July 23, 1977^[3]) was an American physicist at the University of Virginia.

Biography

Beams completed his undergraduate B.A. in physics at Fairmount College in 1921 and his master's degree the next year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.^[2] He spent most of his academic career at the University of Virginia, where he received his Ph.D. in physics in 1925. He spent the next three years in a physics fellowship at Yale University, where he performed research on the photoelectric effect with Ernest Lawrence.^[4] Beams was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Virginia in 1929 and was chair of the department from 1948 to 1962.^[5] During World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project, where his ultracentrifuge was used to demonstrate the separation of the uranium isotope U-235 from other isotopes. Officials in charge of the atomic bomb project concluded, however, that Beams's centrifuges were not as likely as other methods to produce enough highly enriched uranium for a bomb in the time available, and the centrifuge program was abandoned. After World War II, centrifuge separation of uranium isotopes was perfected by German scientists and engineers working in the Soviet Union. In 1953 Beams was appointed the Francis H. Smith Professor of Physics at the University of Virginia. Beams was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1967 for his work on the ultracentrifuge.^[6] He retired from the University in 1969.^[7]

Beams' contributions include the first linear electron accelerator, the magnetic ultracentrifuge, and the application of the ultracentrifuge to the separation of isotopes and to the separation of viruses from liquids. He held many patents in magnetic bearings and ultracentrifuges. In addition to the National Science Medal, he was awarded the American Physical Society's John Scott Medal, the Lewis Prize of the American Philosophical Society, and the University of Virginia's first annual Thomas Jefferson Award.^[8]

Patents

Inventor(s)	Year	Patent No.	Invention Title
Trotter, Woodstock, Beams	1935	U.S. Patent 2,016,825	Air Conditioning
Beams, Holmes	1941	U.S. Patent 2,256,937	Suspension of Rotatable Bodies
Masket, Snoddy, Beams	1949	U.S. Patent 2,478,663	Projectile Testing Machine
Beams	1950	U.S. Patent 2,521,112	Method and Apparatus for Separating Fluids by Thermal Diffusion
Beams	1950	U.S. Patent 2,521,891	Valve
Beams, Snoddy, Hoxton	1950	U.S. Patent 2,525,197	Thermal Flowmeter
Beams, Morton	1954	U.S. Patent 2,666,363	Transmission Line Kerr Cell
Beams	1954	U.S. Patent 2,691,306	Magnetically Supported Rotating Bodies
Beams, Snoddy	1956	U.S. Patent 2,763,155	High Altitude Burner Simulator
Beams, Snoddy	1960	U.S. Patent 2,948,572	Centrifuges
Beams	1962	U.S. Patent 3,041,482	Apparatus for Rotating Freely Suspended Bodies
Beams	1962	U.S. Patent 3,066,849	High Vacuum Pump System
Beams	1965	U.S. Patent 3,196,694	Magnetic Suspension System
Goss, Porter, Roberts, Tuve, Beams, Selvidge	1975	U.S. Patent 3,908,933	Guided Missile

Publications

• Beams, J. and Haynes, F., The Separation of Isotopes by Centrifuging, (Sept 1936) Phys. Rev., vol. 50, Issue 5, pp. 491–492.
• Beams, J., Production and Use of High Centrifugal Fields, (1954) Science, vol. 120, Issue 3121, pp. 619–625.

See also

• Orders of magnitude (angular velocity)
• Magnetic bearings

References

1. Annual report - National Academy of Sciences. 1979. p. 42.
2. The University of Virginia Record: New Series, Vol. X. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. 1924-02-15. p. 52.
3. Fowle, Farnsworth (1977-07-25). "Jesse W. Beams, 78, A Top Physicist, Dies". New York Times. p. 18.
4. "Beams and Lawrence". Retrieved 2008-04-07.
5. Physics at the University of Virginia – Jesse W. Beams 1898 – 1977
6. Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 463. ISBN 0-8139-0904-X.
7. "Beams Honored By Special Symposium". Cavalier Daily. 1969-05-20.
8. Dabney, p. 377.

External links

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir