List of Jewish ethnonyms
An ethnonym is the name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (where the name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms or endonyms (self-designation; where the name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). This article does not cover ethnic slurs.
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| Albanian | çifut (i/ja) (ethnic) |
| hebre (u/ja) (ethnic) | |
| izraelit (i/ja) | |
| Arabic | يهودي Yahūdī (sl.); يهود Yahūd (pl.) بني إسرائيل Banī Israel عبري ʕibrī |
| Armenian | հրեա hrea (sing.); հրեաներ (pl.); ջհուդ jhud (sing., pejorative) |
| Basque | Judu or judutar |
| Bengali | Yeuhudi |
| Bulgarian | Евреин, evrein (masc.); еврейка, evreika (fem.); евреи, evrei (pl.); юдеи, yudei (pl., archaic) |
| Bosnian | Jevrej,Jevrejin, Židov, Ćifut, Ćifo/Ćifko (probably from Turkish (Çıfıt) or Kurdish (Cihû), derogatory) |
| Catalan | Jueu (masc. sig.); jueus (masc. pl.), jueva (fem. sing.); jueves (fem. pl.) |
| Chinese | 猶太人, Chinese, Traditional |
| 犹太人, Chinese, Simplified, pinyin: Yóutài Rén | |
| Cornish | Yedhoweth |
| Croatian | Židov |
| Czech | Žid (as a member of nation) or žid (as a confessor of Judaism) |
| Danish | Jøde (sing.); Jøder (pl.) |
| Dutch | Jood |
| Ancient Egyptian | Possibly Habiru2; Ishrail (Israel, cf. Israel Stela) |
| English | Jews, see Jew (word)1, old formal term israélite (as in the Crémieux Decree) |
| Hebrews2 | |
| Israelites or Children of Israel3 | |
| Esperanto | Judoj. L.L. Zamenhof described himself as hebreo. |
| Estonian | Juut |
| Finnish | Juutalainen |
| French | Juif (masc.); Juive (fem.) |
| Galego | Xudeu (masc. sing.); Xudía (fem. sing.); Xudeus (masc. pl.); Xudías (fem. pl.) |
| Georgian | ებრაელი, Ebraeli |
| German | Jude (masc.); Jüdin (fem.); Juden (pl.) |
| Greek | Ἰουδαῖος, Ioudaios1 |
| Ἑβραῖος, Hebraios (from Evrei)2 | |
| Ἰσραηλίτης, Israelites (from Israel)3 | |
| Hebrew | יהודי, Yehudi (sl.m); יהודיה, Yehudia (sl.f);יהודים, Yehudim/Yehudioth (pl.) 1 |
| עברי, Ivri (sl.m); עבריה, Ivria (sl.f); עברים, Ivrim/Ivrioth2 | |
| בני ישׂראל, Bnei Yisrael (pl.)3 | |
| Hindi | Yahudi |
| Hungarian | Zsidó |
| Icelandic | gyðingur (sl.) |
| Indonesian/Malay | Yahudi, Banī Israel |
| Irish | Giúdach |
| Italian | Ebreo (masc. sing.); ebrei (masc. pl.); ebrea (fem. sing.); ebree (fem. pl.) |
| Japanese | ユダヤ人, Yudayajin |
| Korean | 유태인, Yutae-in |
| Kurdish | Cihû, Mûsayî/مووسایی, Cûleke/جوله که |
| Ladino | djudio, Judio (singular) |
| los ebreos (the Jews) | |
| Latin | Iudaeus1 |
| Latvian | Ebrejs |
| Lithuanian | Žydai |
| Norwegian | Jøde |
| Ojibwe | Zhoodawi (from the French: judéité) or Joowiwi (from the English: Jew) |
| Persian | جهود or يهود -- Johud (Persian) or Yahūdī (from Arabic); former sometimes considered pejorative. |
| کلیمی, Kalimi (religious) a follower of Kalim Allah, also a euphemism for Johud. | |
| Polish | Żyd |
| Portuguese | Judeu ; judeus (masc. pl.); judia ; judias (fem. pl.). Also hebreus and israelitas (both masc. pl.) |
| Romanian | Evreu, israelit, jidov(archaic), ovrei (archaic and demeaning), jidan (highly pejorative) |
| Russian | Еврей, Yevrey (sl.); Евреи, Yevrei2 (pl.): Typically denotes the ethnicity (национальность - natsional'nost'); жид, zhid (masc. sing) (pejorative), жидовка, zhidovka (fem. sing.) |
| Иудей, Iudey (sl.); Иудеи, Iudei1 (pl.): Typically denotes the followers of Judaism. | |
| Serbian | Јевреј Jevrej |
| Slovak | Žid |
| Spanish | Judío (m. sing) Judía (f. sing) Judíos (plu) Judías (f. plu) |
| Hebreo (m. sing) Hebrea (f. sing) Hebreos (plu) Hebreas (f. plu) | |
| Israelita (sing) Israelitas (plu) as in the Alianza Israelita Argentina. | |
| Swahili | Yahudi |
| Swedish | Jude |
| Tagalog | Hudyo, Israelita (both derived from Spanish) |
| Thai | คนยิว, khon yiu (from the English: Jew) |
| Tibetan | Yahutapa |
| Ukrainian | Жид (sl.); Жиди (pl.) |
| Urdu | Yahudi (sl.); Yahud (pl.) |
| Vietnamese | người Do Thái |
| Turkish | Yahudi, Çıfıt (religious) something related to, or a follower of Judaism, latter usually considered pejorative. |
| Musevi, (religious) a follower of Moses, also a euphemism for Yahudi. | |
| İbrani, (ethnic) a Hebrew. | |
| Welsh | Iddewon |
| Yiddish | איד,ייִד Yid1 (pronounced [ˈjɪd]) (sing.); ייִדן, Yidn (pronounced [ˈjɪdn̩]) (pl.) |
No longer in use
- In the period preceding and during the British Mandate of Palestine, Jews who lived there were called (and also called themselves) Palestinian Jews or simply Palestinians, but after the emergence of Arab Palestinian nationalism and the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the term "Palestinians" came to be used almost exclusively for Palestinian Arabs. (See Definitions of Palestinian and Zionism)
See also
Footnotes
- 1 Ioudaios, Yehudi, Jewish, a "Judaean", "from the land of Yehuda (Judah, Judea)".
- 2 Ivri, Hebrew, "one who passes over", a reference to the Biblical patriarch Abraham (or possibly Eber).
- 3 Israel, "one who has struggled with God", the name given to the Biblical patriarch Jacob.
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