John I of Portugal

John I
Portrait painted c. 1435
King of Portugal and the Algarve
Reign	6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433
Coronation	6 April 1385
Predecessor	Ferdinand I
Successor	Edward
Born	11 April 1357 Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	14 August 1433 (aged 75) Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial	Monastery of Batalha
Spouse	Philippa of Lancaster
Issue	See Issue
House	House of Aviz
Father	Peter I of Portugal
Mother	Teresa Lourenço
Religion	Roman Catholicism

John I (Portuguese: João,^[1] [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433) was King of Portugal and the Algarve in 1385–1433. He was called the Good (sometimes the Great) or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal, in Spain, the Bastard, and was the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta. He preserved the kingdom's independence from Castile.

Early life

John was born in Lisbon as the natural son of Peter I by a woman named Teresa, who, according to Fernão Lopes, was a noble Galician. In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found a 16th-century document in the archives of the Torre do Tombo, wherein she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of D. Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ, he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, by which title he was known.

On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand I without a male heir in October 1383, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Princess Beatrice, Ferdinand's only daughter. As heiress presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.

Acclamation

The wedding of João I of Portugal, 11 February 1387 with Philippa of Lancaster, by fifteenth century painter and manuscript illuminator Master of Wavrin, from around Lille, now in France.

On 6 April 1385, the Council of the Kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes) met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, King of Portugal.^[2] This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months, in the war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the King of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz (see Hundred Years' War). John and Nuno Álvares Pereira, his Constable and talented supporter, repelled the attack on the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota (14 August 1385).^[3] John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured.

On 11 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt,^[2] who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day.

Reign

After the death of John I of Castile in 1390, without issue by Beatrice, John I of Portugal ruled in peace and pursued the economic development of the country. The most significant military actions were the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta by Portugal in 1415, and the successful defence of Ceuta from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. By this step he aimed to seize control of navigation off the African coast, and trade routes from the interior of Africa.

The raids and attacks of the Reconquista created captives on both sides, who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this to North Africa. After the attack on Cueta, the king sought papal recognition of it as a crusade. Such a ruling would enable those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves.^[4]

John I requested and obtained from Pope Martin V a Papal bull, Sane charissimus,^[5] of 4 April 1418, confirming to the king all the lands he should take from the Moors. Political weakness compelled the Renaissance Papacy to adopt an acquiescent and unchallenging position when approached for requests for privileges in favour of these ventures.^[6] Under the auspices of Prince Henry the Navigator, voyages were organized to explore the African coast which led to the discovery of the uninhabited islands of Madeira in 1417, and the Azores in 1427, which were claimed by the Portuguese crown.

Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed to his sons, often collectively referred to by Portuguese historians as the "illustrious generation" (Ínclita Geração): Edward, the future king, was a poet and a writer; Peter, the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold.

Marriages and descendants

John I married in Porto on 2 February 1387 Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal (infantes) that became known as the Illustrious Generation (Portuguese: Ínclita Geração).

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Philippa of Lancaster (1359– 19 July 1415; married on 2 February 1387)
Infanta Blanche	13 July 1388	6 March 1389
Infante Afonso	30 July 1390	22 December 1400
King Edward	31 October 1391	13 September 1438	Who succeeded him as King of Portugal.
Infante Peter	9 December 1392	20 May 1449	Duke of Coimbra. Died in the Battle of Alfarrobeira.
Infante Henry	4 March 1394	13 November 1460	Known as Henry the Navigator. Duke of Viseu and Grand-Master of the Order of Christ.
Infanta Isabella	21 February 1397	11 December 1471	Duchess Consort of Burgundy by marriage to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy.
Infanta Blanche	11 April 1398	27 July 1398
Infante John	13 January 1400	18 October 1442	Constable of the Kingdom and grandfather of Isabella I of Castile.
Infante Ferdinand	29 September 1402	5 June 1443	Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. Died in captivity in Fes, Morocco.
By Inês Peres (c. 1350–1400?)
Afonso	10 August 1377	15 December 1461	Natural son and 1st Duke of Braganza.
Branca	1378	1379	Natural daughter.
Beatrice	c. 1382	25 October 1439	Natural daughter. Countess of Arundel by marriage to Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel. Countess of Huntingdon by marriage to John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, later Duke of Exeter.

Ancestry

Ancestors of John I of Portugal

16. Afonso III of Portugal               8. Denis of Portugal                       17. Beatrice of Castile               4. Afonso IV of Portugal                             18. Peter III of Aragon               9. Elizabeth of Aragon                       19. Constance of Sicily               2. Peter I of Portugal                                   20. Alfonso X of Castile               10. Sancho IV of Castile                       21. Violant of Aragon               5. Beatrice of Castile                             22. Alfonso of Molina               11. María de Molina                       23. Mayor Alonso de Meneses               1. John I of Portugal                                         12. Martim Lourenço                       6. Lourenço Martins                             3. Teresa Lourenço                                   7. Sancha Martins

Notes

1. Rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese
2. Spain and Portugal, Graeme Mercer Adam ed., J. D. Morris, 1906
3. Prestage, Edgar. "Portugal." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 27 Jul. 2014
4. Metcalf, Alida c., Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600, p. 168, University of Texas Press, 2005, ISBN 9780292712768
5. Beasley, C. Raymond. Prince Henry of Portugal and the African Crusade of the Fifteenth Century, p.14, The American Historical Review, vol. 16, 1910
6. Housley, Norman. Religious Warfare in Europe 1400-1536, Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780198208112

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Williamson, D. 1988. Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe
• Ana Echevarría Arsuaga: Catalina de Lancaster, edit. Nerea, 2002. ISBN 84-89569-79-7).