Johann Baptiste Horvath

Johann Baptiste Horvath (Hungarian: Keresztély János Horváth, 13 July 1732 in Kőszeg – 20 October 1799 in Buda) was a Hungarian-born Jesuit Professor of Physics and Philosophy at the University of Trnava (Nagyszombat) in modern-day Slovakia, which was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Also known as Keresztély János Horváth, he is most noted for his authorship of various textbooks.

Biography

Physica Generalis (1776).
Physica Particularis (1770).

Horvath entered the Jesuit order at 19 years of age (17 October 1751 in Trenčín), became a university professor, and subsequently authored the well-known Latin textbooks Physica Generalis (1767/1782, 496pp) and Physica Particularis (1770/1782, 472pp).[1] Various other works are attributed to Horvath, including Elementa Physicae (1790/1807/1819, 656pp) which is a condensed revision of Physica Generalis and Physica Particularis, Institutiones Logicae (1767/1813, 118pp), Elementa/Institutiones Matheseos (1772/1782, 456pp), Institutiones Metaphysicae (1767/1817, 362pp) and Declaratio Infirmitatis Fundamentorum (1797, 188pp) which is a philosophical text regarding speculations on the nature of God posited by Immanuel Kant.[2][3][4][5][6] This collection of works, including metaphysics/logic and physics, was typical of Jesuit academics teaching under the Ratio Studiorum (1599).[7] The books were published in Trnava (Slovakia), Augsburg (Germany), Eger and Buda (Hungary), Velencze (Romania), Madrid (Spain), Vienna (Austria) and Venice and Turin (Italy), including multiple editions and/or printings of each volume.[8][9][10]

Physica Generalis deals primarily with classical mechanics and celestial mechanics, for example including a Copernican (heliocentric) diagram of the solar system, missing Uranus and Neptune, and a diagram of a highly-elliptical comet. Physica Particularis includes treatments of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and optics, and several chapters deal scientifically with the nascent field of electricity, where Horvath is thought to be the first East European author to present electricity and magnetism in the same chapter. The coverage is eclectic, including topics like the aurora borealis, combustion, sound, rainbows, botany and lightning. The work is also notable for its reliance on experimental physics, since this branch of physics was still emerging as a reputable field, especially among Jesuit academics.[11] For example, Horvath cites experiments on electricity by Benjamin Franklin (1754). In addition to his physics textbooks, Horvath published the mathematics textbook Institutiones Matheseos, including sections covering arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and conic sections.

He was among the most important Eastern European physics textbook authors in the 18th century (see also Andreas Jaszlinszky as well as Leopold Biwald and Joseph Redlhamer), and an innovative proponent of Newtonian mechanics, which in hindsight was the correct theory rather than the Cartesian mechanics popular among some Continental philosophers.[12][13][14][15] By promoting the methods of Copernicus and Newton, influenced by the approach of Borgondio and Boscovich, Horvath represents a (correct) departure from "accepted" thinking in that region of Europe, and his works were widely distributed.[16] He continued to publish and instruct students from a secular professorship after the Jesuit order was suppressed in 1773, and during his tenure the university faculty moved to modern-day Hungary (1777) to become the renowned University of Budapest.[17][18][19]

Full-text scanned versions of Physica Particularis (1782/1775/1770/1817), missing some pages and illustrated plates, are available online.[20][21][22][23][24] Similarly, scanned copies of Physica Generalis (1780/1775/1772) are available online.[25][26][27] Images of the textbook title pages are also available.[28][29][30][31] Each of these textbooks is worth approximately $150 depending on condition.[32][33][34]

Plates (7) from Physica Generalis (1776)

Plates (8) from Physica Particularis (1770)

See also

References

  1. ↑ O'Malley, J.W. (ed.) et al. "The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts (1540–1773)." University of Toronto Press, 2006 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=6OSux6Zfd74C&pg=PA420&lpg=PA420&dq=horvath+physica+generalis&source=web&ots=b8UR0KUMfv&sig=bEha7ZOlw08-t65LzCIQltXmZWI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA420,M1
  2. ↑ Horváth, Joannis: Elementa physiciae | Sós Antikvárium. Sosantikvarium.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  3. ↑ http://csillagaszattortenet.csillagaszat.hu/magyar_kozepkor_csillagaszata/szekely_2006.02.23.html
  4. ↑ C:\REGI2\FIZI. Bibl.u-szeged.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  5. ↑ http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.539__k1.jpg
  6. ↑ Visnovsky, E. & R. Dupkala. "On the Development and Character of Slovak Philosophy." Human Affairs, 1998 @ http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=b3af381f-d717-4700-a04d-e970a9f540af&articleId=d883a642-a139-4b6a-824b-8a10cec25208
  7. ↑ O'Malley, J.W. (ed.) et al. "The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts (1540–1773)." University of Toronto Press, 1999 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=Hzbsz3TOsZAC&pg=PA544&dq=physica+generalis
  8. ↑ Library of Congress Catalog, 1868 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=g-ituaX9VqIC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=horvath+%22physica+generalis%22+library+of+congress&source=bl&ots=M4OyCL5qhz&sig=c5Ay4parT6TC0s3hTqhmcWLAvXs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
  9. ↑ Baldwin, J.M. "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology." MacMillan, 1905 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=9BYuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=horvath+kant&source=web&ots=W2906ystpf&sig=Cgjx7sS_6geD-BnuNAGRZQ63Ty0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result
  10. ↑ de Backer, A. Bibliothèque des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus ou Notices Bibliographiques. Liege, 1859, pp325 – 328.
  11. ↑ Radnai Gyula. Jedliktarsasag.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  12. ↑ Kires, Marian. "Some Historical Points of View on Electricity in the Slovak Region." @ http://ppp.unipv.it/Collana/Pages/Libri/Saggi/Volta%20and%20the%20History%20of%20Electricity/V&H%20Sect2/V&H%20199-204.pdf
  13. ↑ Morovics, M.T. & A. Sperka. "The Beginnings of Scientific Interests in Electrical Phenomena in Hungarian Kingdom." Proc of 2nd ICESHS (ed. M. Kokowski), 2006 @ http://www.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_29/R-Varia_II_Morovics_Sperka.pdf
  14. ↑ History of Physics
  15. ↑ O'Neill, C.E. & J.M. Dominguez. Diccionario historico de la compania de Jesus. p1955, 2001.
  16. ↑ Dobrzycki, J. "The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory." Springer (Poland), 1973 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=tAWp34_GYLAC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=horvath+institutiones&source=web&ots=R3N4-F2ajz&sig=Z3JBlNsQLwvF5BCHHQDxdNTjARI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA353,M1
  17. ↑ Proc of the American Catholic Philosophical Assoc. Vol 30, p174, 1956 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=RRQTAAAAIAAJ&q=horvath+physica+generalis&dq=horvath+physica+generalis&lr=&pgis=1
  18. ↑ Suppression of the Society of Jesus
  19. ↑ de Ridder-Symoens, H. & W. Ruegg. A History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). Cambridge, 2003.
  20. ↑ Physica particularis: auditorum ... – Keresztelö János Horváth. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  21. ↑ Physica Particularis – Johann Baptist Horváth. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  22. ↑ Physica Particularis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  23. ↑ Physica particularis, auditorum ... – Johann Baptist Horvath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  24. ↑ Physica: generalis auditorum usibus ... – Joann Bagt Horvath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  25. ↑ Institutiones physicae generalis ... – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  26. ↑ Physica Generalis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Physica Generalis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath. Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  28. ↑ műkereskedem az interneten. axioart (28 May 2005). Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  29. ↑ műkereskedem az interneten. axioart (28 May 2005). Retrieved on 20 October 2011.
  30. ↑ http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.022__k1.jpg
  31. ↑ http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.024.jpg
  32. ↑ International League of Antiquarian Booksellers @ http://www.ilab.org/services/searchform.php
  33. ↑ http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry
  34. ↑ Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America @ http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/searchform.php

Appendix

An example of near-contemporary notes regarding one of these textbooks is given below, where the reader is attempting to derive Prop 280 from Physica Generalis, involving the force on a body in a circular orbit. The antiquated nomenclature includes [c = velocity] and [v = force] with [t = period] being normalized by 2π.

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