John Bell Hood

General
John Bell Hood

Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood
Nickname(s) Sam[1]
Born (1831-06-01)June 1, 1831 or (1831-06-29)June 29, 1831
Owingsville, Kentucky
Died August 30, 1879(1879-08-30) (aged 48)
New Orleans, Louisiana
Place of burial the Hennen family tomb at Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans, Louisiana
Allegiance  United States of America
 Confederate States of America
Service/branch  United States Army
 Confederate States Army
Years of service 1853–61 (USA)
1861–65 (CSA)
Rank First Lieutenant (USA)
Lieutenant General (CSA)
General (temporary)
Commands held 4th Texas Infantry
Texas Brigade
Hood's Division, First Corps, ANV
Second Corps, Army of Tennessee
Army of Tennessee
Battles/wars

American Indian Wars
American Civil War

John Bell Hood (June 1[2] or June 29,[3] 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood had a reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness. Arguably one of the best brigade and division commanders in the Confederate States Army, Hood gradually became increasingly effective as he was promoted to lead larger, independent commands late in the war, but his career and reputation were marred by his decisive defeats leading an army in the Atlanta Campaign and the Franklin-Nashville Campaign.

Hood's education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in both the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U.S. Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his adopted state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for aggressive leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862, after which he was promoted to division command. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm useless for the rest of his life. Transferred with many of Longstreet's troops to the Western Theater, Hood led a massive assault into a gap in the Union line at the Battle of Chickamauga, but was wounded again, requiring the amputation of his right leg.

Hood returned to field service during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864, and at the age of 33 was promoted to temporary full general and command of the Army of Tennessee at the outskirts of Atlanta. There, he dissipated his army in a series of bold, calculated, but ultimately fruitless assaults, and was forced to evacuate the besieged city. Leading his men through Alabama and into Tennessee, his army was severely damaged in a massive frontal assault at the Battle of Franklin and he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Nashville by his former West Point instructor, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, after which he was relieved of command.

After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and worked as a cotton broker and in the insurance business. His business was ruined by a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79 and he succumbed to the disease himself, dying just days after his wife and oldest child, leaving 10 destitute orphans.

Early life

Hood's birthplace

Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky, the son of John Wills Hood (1798-1852), a doctor, and Theodosia French Hood (1801-1886).[4] He was a cousin of future Confederate general G. W. Smith and the nephew of U.S. Representative Richard French.[5] French obtained an appointment for Hood at the United States Military Academy, despite his father's reluctance to support a military career for his son. Hood graduated in 1853, ranked 44th in a class of 52 that originally numbered 96, after a near-expulsion in his final year for excessive demerits (196 of a permissible 200).[6] At West Point and in later Army years, he was known to friends as "Sam".[7] His classmates included James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield; he received instruction in artillery from George H. Thomas. These three men became Union Army generals who would oppose Hood in battle. The superintendent in 1852–55 was Col. Robert E. Lee, who would become Hood's commanding general in the Eastern Theater.[8] Notwithstanding his modest record at the Academy, in 1860, Hood was appointed chief instructor of cavalry at West Point, a position he declined, citing his desire to remain with his active field regiment and to retain all of his options in light of the impending war.[9]

Hood was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry, served in California, and later transferred to the 2nd U.S. Cavalry in Texas, where he was commanded by Col. Albert Sidney Johnston and Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee.[10] While commanding a reconnaissance patrol from Fort Mason on July 20, 1857, Hood sustained the first of many wounds that marked his lifetime in military service— an arrow through his left hand during action against the Comanches at Devil's River, Texas.[11] He was later promoted to first lieutenant in August 1858.

Civil War

Brigade and division command

Hood resigned from the United States Army immediately after the Battle of Fort Sumter and, dissatisfied with the neutrality of his native Kentucky, decided to serve his adopted state of Texas. He joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain,[12] then was promoted to major and sent to command Brigadier General John B. Magruder's cavalry in the lower Virginia Peninsula. Hood and his horsemen took part in a "brilliant" July 12 skirmish at Newport News, capturing 12 men of the 7th New York Regiment of Volunteers as well as two deserters from Fort Monroe. They received high praise from Generals Lee and Magruder.[13][14] By September 30, the Texan was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry.[12]

Hood became the brigade commander of the unit that was henceforth known as Hood's Texas Brigade on February 20, 1862, part of the Confederate Army of the Potomac, and was promoted to brigadier general on March 3, 1862. Leading the Texas Brigade as part of the Army of Northern Virginia in the Peninsula Campaign, he established his reputation as an aggressive commander, eager to lead his troops personally into battle, and the Texans quickly gained a reputation as one of the army's elite combat units. At the Battle of Eltham's Landing, his men were instrumental in nullifying an amphibious landing by a Union division. When commanding general Joseph E. Johnston reflected upon the success Hood's men enjoyed in executing his order "to feel the enemy gently and fall back," he humorously asked, "What would your Texans have done, sir, if I had ordered them to charge and drive back the enemy?" Hood replied, "I suppose, General, they would have driven them into the river, and tried to swim out and capture the gunboats."[15] The Texas Brigade was held in reserve at Seven Pines.[16]

At the Battle of Gaines's Mill on June 27, Hood distinguished himself by leading his brigade in a charge that broke the Union line, which was the most successful Confederate performance in the Seven Days Battles. While Hood escaped the battle without an injury, every other field officer in his brigade was killed or wounded.[17]

When Maj. Gen. William H.C. Whiting left the army on medical furlough July 26, Hood was the senior brigade commander and replaced Whiting as a division commander in Maj. Gen. James Longstreet's First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia. He led the division in the Northern Virginia Campaign and added to his reputation as the premier leader of shock troops during Longstreet's massive assault on John Pope's left flank at the Second Battle of Bull Run, which nearly destroyed the Union army.[18]

In the pursuit of Union forces, Hood was involved in a dispute over captured ambulances with a superior officer, Brig. Gen. Nathan "Shanks" Evans. Evans arrested Hood, but Gen. Lee intervened and retained him in service. During the Maryland Campaign, just before the Battle of South Mountain, Hood was in the rear, still in virtual arrest. His Texas troops shouted to General Lee, "Give us Hood!" Lee restored Hood to command, despite Hood's refusal to apologize for his conduct.[19]

It could scarcely be said that any [of the officers in Longstreet's corps] ... save one had by this date displayed qualities that would dispose anyone to expect a career of eminence. The exception was Hood. ... Anyone who had followed the operations of the Army after Gaines's Mill would have said that of all the officers under Longstreet, the most likely to be a great soldier was Hood.

Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants [20]

During the Battle of Antietam, Hood's division came to the relief of Stonewall Jackson's corps on the Confederate left flank, turning back an assault by the Union I Corps in the West Woods. Afterward, they became engaged with the Union XII Corps. In the evening after the battle, Gen. Lee asked Hood where his division was. He responded, "They are lying on the field where you sent them. My division has been almost wiped out." Of his 2,000 men, almost 1,000 were casualties. Jackson was impressed with Hood's performance and recommended his promotion to major general, which occurred effective October 10, 1862.[21]

In the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, Hood's division saw little action, placed in the center, between Longstreet's lines on Marye's Heights, and Jackson's lines. And in the spring of 1863, he missed the great victory of the Battle of Chancellorsville because most of Longstreet's First Corps was on detached duty in Suffolk, Virginia, involving Longstreet himself and Hood's and George Pickett's divisions. When he heard news of Stonewall Jackson's death after Chancellorsville, he expressed grief for the man he most deeply admired, personally and militarily.[22]

Gettysburg

At the Battle of Gettysburg, Longstreet's Corps arrived late on the first day, July 1, 1863. General Lee planned an assault for the second day that would feature Longstreet's Corps attacking northeast up the Emmitsburg Road into the Union left flank. Hood was dissatisfied with his assignment in the assault because it would face difficult terrain in the boulder-strewn area known as the Devil's Den. He requested permission from Longstreet to move around the left flank of the Union army, beyond the mountain known as [Big] Round Top, to strike the Union in their rear area. Longstreet refused permission, citing Lee's orders, despite repeated protests from Hood. Yielding to the inevitable, Hood finally gave in and his division stepped off around 4 p.m. on July 2, but a variety of factors caused it to veer to the east, away from its intended direction, where it would eventually meet with Union forces at Little Round Top. Just as the attack started, however, Hood was the victim of an artillery shell exploding overhead, severely damaging his left arm, which incapacitated him. (Although the arm was not amputated, he was unable to make use of it for the rest of his life.) His ranking brigade commander, Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law, assumed command of the division, but confusion as to orders and command status dissipated the direction and strength of the Confederate attack, significantly affecting the outcome of the battle.[23]

Hood recuperated in Richmond, Virginia, where he made a social impression on the ladies of the Confederacy. In August 1863, famous diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote of Hood:

When Hood came with his sad Quixote face, the face of an old Crusader, who believed in his cause, his cross, and his crown, we were not prepared for such a man as a beau-ideal of the wild Texans. He is tall, thin, and shy; has blue eyes and light hair; a tawny beard, and a vast amount of it, covering the lower part of his face, the whole appearance that of awkward strength. Some one said that his great reserve of manner he carried only into the society of ladies. Major [Charles S.] Venable added that he had often heard of the light of battle shining in a man's eyes. He had seen it once — when he carried to Hood orders from Lee, and found in the hottest of the fight that the man was transfigured. The fierce light of Hood's eyes I can never forget.[24]

As he recuperated, Hood began a campaign to win the heart of the young, prominent South Carolina socialite, Sally Buchanan Preston, known as "Buck" to her friends, whom he had first met while traveling through Richmond in March 1863. Hood later confessed that the flirtatious Southern belle had caused him to "surrender at first sight." As he prepared to return to duty in September, Hood proposed marriage to Buck, but received only a noncommittal response.[25]

Chickamauga

Meanwhile, in the Western Theater, the Confederate army under General Braxton Bragg was faring poorly. Lee dispatched two divisions of Longstreet's Corps to Tennessee, and Hood was able to rejoin his men on September 18.[26] Upon arrival at Chickamauga Creek the next day, he chanced to have met Gen. John C. Breckinridge, former Vice-President of the United States, presidential candidate and Senator of Kentucky as well as a cousin of Buck Preston.[27] At the Battle of Chickamauga, Hood led Longstreet's assault that exploited a gap in the Federal line, which led to the defeat of Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans's Union Army of the Cumberland. However, Hood was once again wounded severely; his right femur was fractured and his leg was amputated four inches (100 mm) below the hip. Hood's condition was so grave that the surgeon sent the severed leg along with him in the ambulance, assuming that they would be buried together. Because of Hood's bravery at Chickamauga, Longstreet recommended that he be promoted to lieutenant general as of that date, September 20, 1863; the confirmation by the Confederate Senate occurred on February 11, 1864, as Hood was preparing to return to duty.[28]

During Hood's second recuperation in Richmond that fall, he befriended Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who would subsequently promote him to a more important role. He also resumed his courtship of Buck Preston—a cousin of Breckinridge's—who, despite giving him some ambiguously positive signals, dashed his hopes on Christmas Eve. Hood confided to Mary Chesnut that the courtship, "was the hardest battle he had ever fought in his life." In February Hood proposed again to Buck and this time demanded a specific response, which was a reluctant, embarrassed agreement. However, the Preston family did not approve of Hood, who left for the field unmarried.[29]

Atlanta Campaign and the Army of Tennessee

Confederate General John Bell Hood

In the spring of 1864, the Confederate Army of Tennessee, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, was engaged in a campaign of maneuver against William T. Sherman, who was driving from Chattanooga toward Atlanta. Hood had accepted the position as a corps commander offered by President Davis, a somewhat controversial appointment because of the Texan's relative youth and inexperience, plus his physical disabilities. Despite his two damaged limbs, Hood performed well in the field, riding as much as 20 miles a day without apparent difficulty, strapped to his horse with his artificial leg hanging stiffly, and an orderly following closely behind with crutches. The leg, made of cork, was donated (along with a couple of spares) by members of his Texas Brigade, who had collected $3,100 in a single day for that purpose; it had been imported from Europe through the Union blockade.[30] On May 12, Hood was baptized by General Leonidas Polk, the former Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. Colonel Walter H. Rodgers, a witness to the baptism, stated that Hood "looked happy and as though a great burden had been lifted."[31]

During the Atlanta Campaign, Hood urged the normally cautious Johnston to act aggressively, but Johnston usually reacted to flanking maneuvers by Sherman with timely withdrawals, rather similar to his strategy in the Peninsula Campaign. One attempt by Johnston to act decisively in the offensive, during the Battle of Cassville, ironically was foiled by Hood, who had been ordered to attack the flank of one column of Sherman's army, but instead pulled back and entrenched when confronted by the unexpected arrival of a small detachment of that column.[32]

The Army of Tennessee continued withdrawing until it had crossed the last major water barrier before Atlanta, the Chattahoochee River. During this time, Hood had been sending the government in Richmond letters very critical of Johnston's conduct, bypassing official communication channels. The issue came to a head when Gen. Braxton Bragg was ordered by President Davis to travel to Atlanta to personally interview Johnston. After meeting with Johnston, he interviewed Hood and another subordinate, Joseph Wheeler, who told him that they had repeatedly urged Johnston to attack. Hood presented a letter that branded Johnston as being both ineffective and weak-willed. He told Bragg, "I have, General, so often urged that we should force the enemy to give us battle as to almost be regarded reckless by the officers high in rank in this army [meaning Johnston and senior corps commander William J. Hardee], since their views have been so directly opposite." Johnston's biographer, Craig L. Symonds, judges that Hood's letter "stepped over the line from unprofessional to outright subversive." Civil War historian Steven E. Woodworth wrote that Hood was "letting his ambition get the better of his honesty" because "the truth was that Hood, more often than Hardee, had counseled Johnston to retreat."[33] However, Hood was not alone in his criticism of Johnston's timidity. In William Hardee's June 22, 1864, letter to General Bragg, he stated, "If the present system continues we may find ourselves at Atlanta before a serious battle is fought." Other generals in the Army agreed with that assessment.[34]

On July 17, 1864, Jefferson Davis relieved Johnston. He considered replacing him with the more senior Hardee, but Bragg strongly recommended Hood. Bragg had not only been impressed by his interview with Hood, but he retained lingering resentments against Hardee from bitter disagreements in previous campaigns. Hood was promoted to the temporary rank of full general on July 18, and given command of the army just outside the gates of Atlanta. (Hood's temporary appointment as a full general was never confirmed by the Senate. His commission as a lieutenant general resumed on January 23, 1865.[12]) At 33, Hood was the youngest man on either side to be given command of an army. Robert E. Lee gave an ambiguous reply to Davis's request for his opinion about the promotion, calling Hood "a bold fighter, very industrious on the battlefield, careless off," but he could not say whether Hood possessed all of the qualities necessary to command an army in the field.[35] Lee also stated in the same letter to Jefferson Davis that he had a high opinion of Hood's gallantry, earnestness, and zeal.[36]

The change of command in the Army of Tennessee did not go unnoticed by Sherman. His subordinates, James B. McPherson and John M. Schofield, shared their knowledge of Hood from their time together at West Point. Upon learning of his new adversary's perceived reckless and gambling tendencies, Sherman planned to use that to his advantage.[37]

Hood conducted the remainder of the Atlanta Campaign with the strong aggressive actions for which he had become famous. He launched four major attacks that summer in an attempt to break Sherman's siege of Atlanta, starting almost immediately with an attack along Peachtree Creek. After hearing that McPherson was mortally wounded in the Battle of Atlanta, Hood deeply regretted his loss.[38] All of the offensives failed, with significant Confederate casualties. Finally, on September 2, 1864, Hood evacuated the city of Atlanta, burning as many military supplies and installations as possible.[39]

Franklin–Nashville Campaign

Map of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign
  Confederate
  Union

As Sherman regrouped in Atlanta, preparing for his March to the Sea, Hood and Jefferson Davis met to devise a strategy to defeat him. Their plan was to attack Sherman's lines of communications between Chattanooga and Atlanta, and to move north through Alabama and into central Tennessee, assuming that Sherman would be threatened and follow. Hood's ambitious hope was that he could maneuver Sherman into a decisive battle, defeat him, recruit additional forces in Tennessee and Kentucky, and pass through the Cumberland Gap to come to the aid of Robert E. Lee, who was besieged at Petersburg. However, the plan proved a failure since Sherman felt this development furthered his current objective by removing opposing forces in his path, noting "If he [Hood] will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations. ...my business is down south."[40] Instead of pursuing Hood with his army, he sent Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas to take control of the Union forces in Tennessee and coordinate the defense against Hood, while the bulk of Sherman's forces prepared to march toward Savannah.[41]

During their conference, Davis expressed his disappointment in Hood's performance in defending Atlanta, losing almost 20,000 men in ill-advised frontal assaults for no significant gains, and implied that he was considering replacing Hood in command of the army. After the president's departure for Montgomery, Alabama, he telegraphed Hood that he had decided to retain him in command and, acceding to Hood's request, transferred Hardee out of the Army of Tennessee. He also established a new theater commander to supervise Hood and the department of Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, although the officer selected for the assignment, Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, was not expected to exert any real operational control of the armies in the field.[42]

Hood's Tennessee Campaign lasted from September to December 1864, comprising seven battles and hundreds of miles of marching. He attempted to trap a large part of the Union Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield at Spring Hill, Tennessee, before it could link up with Thomas in Nashville, but command failures and misunderstandings allowed Schofield's men to safely pass by Hood's army in the night. The next day at the Battle of Franklin, Hood sent his men across nearly two miles of open ground without the support of artillery in a last gasp effort to destroy Schofield's forces before they could withdraw across the Harpeth River and reach the safety of Nashville, which was only a night's march from Franklin. His troops were unsuccessful in their attempt to breach the Union breastworks, suffering severe casualties in an assault that is sometimes called the "Pickett's Charge of the West". Hood's exhausted army was unable to interfere as the Union force withdrew into Nashville. He later wrote that "Never did troops fight more gallantly" than at Franklin. Some popular histories assert that Hood acted rashly in a fit of rage, resentful that the Federal army had slipped past his troops the night before at Spring Hill and that he wanted to discipline his army by ordering them to assault against strong odds. Recent scholarship by Eric Jacobson discounts this as unlikely, as it was not only militarily foolish, but Hood was observed to be determined, not angry, by the time he arrived in Franklin.[43]

Never had there been such an overwhelming victory during the Civil War—indeed, never in American military history.

Wiley Sword, describing the Franklin–Nashville Campaign[44]

Unwilling to abandon his original plan, Hood stumbled toward the heavily fortified capital of Tennessee, and laid siege with inferior forces, which endured the beginning of a severe winter. Two weeks later, George Thomas attacked and defeated Hood at the Battle of Nashville. During the battle and the subsequent relentless pursuit to the south, the Army of Tennessee ceased to be an effective fighting force; the campaign cost the army about 23,500 of its initial strength of 38,000.[44] Hood and the remnants of the army retreated as far as Tupelo, Mississippi. Some of the survivors eventually joined Joseph E. Johnston for the Carolinas Campaign against Sherman. P.G.T. Beauregard sought permission to replace Hood with Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor and the change of command occurred January 23, 1865. In a speech to his men, Hood expressed the hope that they would give their support to Taylor and avenge their comrades "whose bones lay bleaching upon the fields of Middle Tennessee." He returned to Richmond on February 8.[45]

Final days of the war

In March 1865, Hood requested assignment to the Trans-Mississippi Theater to report on the situation there and to assess the possibility of moving troops across the Mississippi River to reinforce the East. He met with Richard Taylor in Mississippi in late April and agreed with Taylor's proposal that his force should surrender. He departed to take this recommendation to the commanders remaining in the field, but before he arrived in Texas, General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered his forces, and Hood surrendered himself in Natchez, Mississippi, where he was paroled on May 31, 1865.[46]

Postbellum career

After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and became a cotton broker and worked as president of the Life Association of America, an insurance business. In 1868, he married New Orleans native Anna Marie Hennen, with whom he had 11 children over 10 years, including three pairs of twins. He also served the community in numerous philanthropic endeavors, assisting in fund-raising for orphans, widows, and wounded soldiers.

During the postwar period, he began a memoir, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies. Though rough, incomplete and not published until after his death, this work served to justify his actions, particularly in response to what he considered misleading or false accusations made by Joseph E. Johnston, and to unfavorable portrayals in William Tecumseh Sherman's memoirs.

His insurance business was ruined by a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79.Then Hood himself succumbed to the disease, dying six days after his wife Anna succumbed and on the same day their eldest daughter Lydia died, leaving 10 destitute, orphaned young children. They received support for over twenty years from the Texas Brigade Association and were ultimately adopted by seven different families in Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Kentucky, and New York.[47][48]

In memoriam

John Bell Hood is interred in the Hennen family tomb at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. He is memorialized by Hood County[49] in Texas and the U.S. Army installation, Fort Hood in central Texas.[50]

There is a John B. Hood Junior High School at 7625 Hume Dr in Dallas, TX

There was a John B. Hood Junior High School at 601 E. 38th St. in Odessa, Texas, but it was renamed in 2015.[51]

Stephen Vincent Benét's poem "Army of Northern Virginia" included a poignant passage about Hood:

Yellow-haired Hood with his wounds and his empty sleeve,
Leading his Texans, a Viking shape of a man,
With the thrust and lack of craft of a berserk sword,
All lion, none of the fox.
             When he supersedes
Joe Johnston, he is lost, and his army with him,
But he could lead forlorn hopes with the ghost of Ney.
His bigboned Texans follow him into the mist.
Who follows them?

Private Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee Infantry "Maury Greys" wrote the following epitaph to Hood, published in various editions of his memoirs Company Aytch:[52]

But the half of brave Hood's body molders here.
The rest was lost in honor's bold career.
Though fame and limbs he scattered all around;
Yet still though mangled was with glory crowned.
For ever ready with his blood to part,
War left him nothing whole, except his heart.

Watkins was also critical of the Texas general, and in several passages recounts the private Tennesseean soldiers’ dismay of having to serve under him. Near the end of his aforementioned memoir, he offers the following appraisal of Hood:

Hood was a good man, a kind man, a philanthropic man, but he is both harmless and defenseless now. He was a poor general in the capacity of commander-in-chief. Had he been mentally qualified, his physical condition would have disqualified him. His legs and one of his arms had been shot off in the defense of his country. As a soldier, he was brave, good, noble, and gallant, and fought with the ferociousness of the wounded tiger, and with the everlasting grit of the bull-dog; but as a general he was a failure in every particular.[53]

In Bell I. Wiley's 1943 book, The Life of Johnny Reb, the Common Soldier of the Confederacy, he recounts that after the defeats in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, Hood's troops sang with wry humor a verse about him as part of the song The Yellow Rose of Texas.[54]

My feet are torn and bloody,
My heart is full of woe,
I'm going back to Georgia
To find my uncle Joe [Johnston].
You may talk about your Beauregard,
You may sing of Bobby Lee,
But the gallant Hood of Texas
He played hell in Tennessee.

In popular media

In the French western graphic novel series fr:Mac Coy, penciled by fr:Antonio Hernández Palacios and scripted by fr:Jean-Pierre Gourmelen, and which ran from 1974 until 1999, Hood made appearances in several volumes of the series. Volume one, started out historically accurate enough, placing him around the time of the Battles of Franklin and Nashville, although still in the possession of all his limbs, and later seen heading the retreat of the dismal remnants of his broken army after Nashville. Later volumes in the series however, had him reenlisted in the US Army as colonel, commanding Fort Apache, Arizona, which of course he never had.

In the movies Gettysburg and its prequel Gods and Generals, Hood was portrayed by actor Patrick Gorman.

The basic premise of the 1988 alternate history novel Gray Victory by Robert Skimin is that Hood's decision to leave the defenses of Atlanta and make a disastrous attack upon the Union forces had cost the South its last chance to win the war.

In 1998, Hood again became prominently featured in another French graphic novel series, this time in volumes 10 and 11 of the "Young Blueberry" series, a spin-off penciled by fr:Michel Blanc-Dumont and scripted by François Corteggiani, of the acclaimed Blueberry western series, it an creation by French comic legends Jean Giraud and Jean-Michel Charlier. Set shortly after the Battle of Atlanta, but before the burning of the city, Hood gets solicited for a conspiracy to kill President Abraham Lincoln, but he, insulted by the assumption of being a dishonorable soldier, wants to have no part of it. In order to flush out the conspirators he allows a double to get assassinated, but the sacrifice notwithstanding, Hood is only partially successful. The hero of the comic, Union lieutenant and temporary ally Blueberry, realizes it had been a double as he was still in the possession of his right leg, Hood had actually lost a year earlier at Chickamauga. In this comic version Hood is physically more accurately portrayed than in the 1974 comic.

In the 2008 film In the Electric Mist, based on the novel In the Electric Mist with Confederate Dead by James Lee Burke, actor Levon Helm portrays Hood's ghost who appears to detective Dave Robicheaux (played by Tommy Lee Jones), giving him some live advise.

The 2009 novel A Separate Country, by Robert Hicks, focuses on Hood's life after the Civil War.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Eicher, p. 302. Bonds, p. 77, stated that there was no contemporary evidence that Hood was called "Old Woodenhead". It appears to have been an invention by some historians (such as by Edward A. Pollard, who in the Life of Jefferson Davis, referred to Hood as having "a lion's heart and a wooden head"). Woodworth, p. 271, states that after Hood's leg amputation at Chickamauga, his soldiers called him "Old Pegleg."
  2. ↑ Eicher, p. 302; Warner, p. 142; Handbook of Texas Online.
  3. ↑ Jones, p. 213; McMurry, p. 5; About North Georgia website; JohnBellHood.org website. June 29 is the date given on his tombstone and therefore seems the more likely. See John Bell Hood entry, findagrave.com.
  4. ↑ McMurry, pp. 2, 205. In his memoirs, Hood claimed to be of English descent on both sides of his family. In fact, the earliest record of his family is the 1696 marriage of Jasper Hood and Tryntje Andries, recorded at the Dutch Reformed Church of New York City.
  5. ↑ Eicher, p. 302; McMurry, p. 6. McMurry, p. 10, lists Smith as a "distant relative."
  6. ↑ McMurry, p. 9. McMurry reports that Hood's four-year total of 374 demerits was "above average".
  7. ↑ Sword, p. 6.
  8. ↑ McMurry, p. 10.
  9. ↑ McMurry, p. 21.
  10. ↑ McMurry, pp. 15-16.
  11. ↑ Eicher, p. 302; Handbook of Texas Online.
  12. 1 2 3 Eicher, p. 303.
  13. ↑ Official Records, Series I, Volume II, pp. 297-298
  14. ↑ Freeman, 121
  15. ↑ Sears, p. 86.
  16. ↑ McMurry, pp. 40-41.
  17. ↑ McMurry, p. 51, Sears, p. 243.
  18. ↑ McMurry, pp. 52, 55.
  19. ↑ McMurry, pp. 56-57.
  20. ↑ Freeman, vol. 2, p. 273.
  21. ↑ McMurry, pp. 58-59; Eicher, p. 303.
  22. ↑ McMurry, pp. 65-66, 69-71; John Bell Hood, p. 52; Dyer, p. 177.
  23. ↑ Pfanz, pp. 164-73; McMurry, p. 75.
  24. ↑ Chesnut, p. 230.
  25. ↑ Woodworth, p. 268.
  26. ↑ McMurry, pp. 76-77.
  27. ↑ John Bell Hood, p. 62; Chesnut, p. 289.
  28. ↑ McMurry, p. 86.
  29. ↑ Woodworth, pp. 268-69; McMurry, pp. 80-83, 86-92.
  30. ↑ Woodworth, p. 271; McMurry, p. 83; Castel, p. 62.
  31. ↑ McMurry, pp. 111–12; Robins, Glenn (2006), The Bishop of the Old South: The Ministry And Civil War Legacy of Leonidas Polk, pp. 188–81.
  32. ↑ Woodworth, p. 276; Castel, pp. 195-201; Symonds, pp. 292-93.
  33. ↑ Symonds, pp. 321-24; Woodworth, p. 284.
  34. ↑ Stephen M. Hood, p. 23-4.
  35. ↑ Sword, p. 32; Bonds, p. 68; Woodworth, pp. 284-85. There are some popular accounts that quote Lee as saying Hood was "too much of a lion and not enough of a fox," but there is no documentary evidence of this quotation. Stephen M. Hood, pp. 14-16, attributes this mistaken quotation to a verse in the poem Army of Northern Virginia by Stephen Vincent Benét.
  36. ↑ Stephen M. Hood, p. 13.
  37. ↑ Dyer, pp. 251-52.
  38. ↑ Dyer, p. 261; John Bell Hood, p. 182.
  39. ↑ Woodworth, pp. 286-90.
  40. ↑ Horan, Pat. "Sherman Unleashes Total War on Confederacy". Real Clear History. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  41. ↑ Jacobson, pp. 29-32.
  42. ↑ Sword, pp. 46-49; Jacobson, pp. 30-32.
  43. ↑ Jacobson, pp. 239-40. For an example of a view promoting Hood's anger and resentment, see Sword, p. 179.
  44. 1 2 Sword, p. 425.
  45. ↑ Woodworth, pp. 301; McMurry, p. 183; Eicher, p. 303.
  46. ↑ McMurry, p. 189.
  47. ↑ McMurry, pp. 193-203.
  48. ↑ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSvcid=519434&GRid=4418&
  49. ↑ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 160.
  50. ↑ Fort Hood post history website
  51. ↑ "John B. Hood Junior High Schppl". ectorcountyisd.0rg. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  52. ↑ Inscription on memorial stone
  53. ↑ Watkins, p. 218.
  54. ↑ Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, the Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1943), OCLC 444699, pp. 121-22. Wiley sources this claim to Robert Selph Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), OCLC 1300151, p. 434, but Henry provides no primary source citation. An earlier reference to the song is in William Josiah McMurray, Deering J. Roberts, and Ralph J. Neal, History of the Twentieth Tennessee Regiment Volunteer Infantry, C.S.A. (Nashville, TN: The Publication Committee, 1904) OCLC 4535877, p. 352. However, there it is described as the product of a single soldier singing while Hood passed by, consisting only of the lyrics "You may talk about your dearest maid, and sing of Rosa Lee, but the gallant Hood of Texas, played hell in Tennessee." In Bromfield Lewis Ridley, Battles and Sketches of the Army of Tennessee (Mexico, MO: Missouri Print. & Pub. Co., 1906) OCLC 2014208, p. 439, the anecdote is expanded to be "And now I'm going Southward, for my heart is full of woe. I'm going back to Georgia, to find my 'Uncle Joe'. You may talk about your dearest maid, and sing of Rosalie, but the gallant Hood of Texas, played Hell in Tennessee."

References

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