John Raoul Petraliphas

John Komnenos Raoul Doukas Angelos Petraliphas (Greek: Ἱωάννης Κομνηνός Ῥαούλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Πετραλίφας; died circa 1274) was a Byzantine noble and military commander during the reign of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282).

Biography

John Raoul Petraliphas was the eldest son of Alexios Raoul and an unnamed niece of the Emperor of Nicaea John III Vatatzes (r. 1221–1254). He had three other brothers, of which two are known by name, the pinkernes Manuel and Isaac.^[1][2][3] The Raoul, as all families of the traditional aristocracy, suffered under Theodore II Laskaris (r. 1254–1258) who sought to reduce the nobility's power and influence. Laskaris instead favoured men of humble origin, chief among them the Mouzalon brothers. One of John's sisters was married to the emperor's protégé, George Mouzalon, while John and his brothers were imprisoned (the exact date is not clear).^[2][4]

Consequently, the family actively supported the murder the Mouzalon brothers in 1258, following Theodore II's death. After the subsequent usurpation of Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282), they were rewarded with high state offices: following his military successes in the next few years, John was named protovestiarios, inheriting the title from George Mouzalon.^[1][5] In 1259, Michael sent John along with John Palaiologos and Alexios Strategopoulos in a campaign against the Epirote-Achaean alliance in Macedonia, which ended with the decisive Nicaean victory at the Battle of Pelagonia. Following the victory, Strategopoulos and Raoul marched into Epirus, seizing Arta and besieging Ioannina. Their achievements, however, were quickly undone by John Doukas, the bastard son of the Epirote ruler.^[2][6] Nothing further is known of him, except that he died circa 1274.^[7]

Family

In 1261, John married Theodora Palaiologina Kantakouzene, the niece of Michael VIII and widow of George Mouzalon. With her, he had at least two daughters, Irene and Anna.^[8] Irene married the porphyrogennetos Constantine Palaiologos, the third son of Michael VIII.^[9]

References

1. Kazhdan 1991, p. 1771.
2. Polemis 1968, p. 173.
3. Macrides 2007, pp. 251, 259, 339, 342, 350.
4. Macrides 2007, pp. 259, 298, 339, 342, 350.
5. Macrides 2007, pp. 339, 342; Vougiouklaki 2003.
6. Macrides 2007, pp. 347, 357, 365.
7. Kazhdan 1991, p. 1772; Nicol 1996, p. 36.
8. Nicol 1996, pp. 35–36; Vougiouklaki 2003.
9. Polemis 1968, pp. 160–161, 173.

Sources

• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
• Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1.
• Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1996). "Theodora Raoulaina, Nun and Scholar, c. 1240–1300". The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–47. ISBN 978-0-521-57623-9.
• Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London, United Kingdom: The Athlone Press.
• Vougiouklaki, Penelope (2003). "John Raoul". Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 21 August 2012.