John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford

For other people named John Russell, see John Russell (disambiguation).
His Grace
The Duke of Bedford
KG PC FRS

The Duke of Bedford

The Duke of Bedford, by Sir Joshua Reynolds
Lord President of the Council
In office
9 September 1763  12 July 1765
Monarch George III
Prime Minister George Grenville
Preceded by The Earl Granville
Succeeded by The Earl of Winchilsea
British Ambassador to France
In office
4 April 1762  1 June 1763
Preceded by Vacant
The Earl of Albemarle recalled due to the Seven Years' War
Succeeded by The Earl of Hertford
Lord Privy Seal
In office
25 November 1761  22 April 1763
Monarch George III
Prime Minister The Duke of Newcastle
The Earl of Bute
George Grenville
Preceded by In Commission
The Earl Temple, 5 October 1761
Succeeded by The Duke of Marlborough
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
In office
3 January 1757  3 April 1761
Monarch George II
George III
Preceded by The Duke of Devonshire
Succeeded by The Earl of Halifax
Secretary of State for the Southern Department
In office
12 February 1748  13 June 1751
Monarch George II
Prime Minister Henry Pelham
Preceded by The Duke of Newcastle
Succeeded by The Earl of Holderness
First Lord of the Admiralty
In office
27 December 1744  26 February 1748
Monarch George II
Prime Minister Henry Pelham
Preceded by The Earl of Winchilsea
Succeeded by The Earl of Sandwich
Personal details
Born John Russell
30 September 1710
Streatham, Surrey
Kingdom of Great Britain
Died 5 January 1771(1771-01-05) (aged 60)
Woburn, Bedfordshire
Kingdom of Great Britain
Resting place Chenies, Buckinghamshire
United Kingdom
Nationality British
Spouse(s) Lady Diana Spencer

John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford KG PC FRS (30 September 1710  5 January 1771) was an 18th-century British statesman.[1][2][3][4] He was the fourth son of Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of John Howland of Streatham, Surrey. Known as Lord John Russell, he married in October 1731 Diana Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland; became Duke of Bedford on his brother’s death a year later; and having lost his first wife in 1735, married in April 1737 Lady Gertrude Leveson-Gower (died 1794), daughter of John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower.

Early political career

In the House of Lords he joined the Patriot Whig opposition hostile to the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole, took a fairly prominent part in public business, and earned the dislike of George II. When Carteret, now Earl Granville, resigned office in November 1744, Bedford became First Lord of the Admiralty in the administration of Henry Pelham, and was made a privy councillor. He was very successful at the admiralty, but was not equally fortunate after he became Secretary of State for the Southern Department in February 1748. Pelham accused him of idleness and he was constantly at variance with his colleague The Duke of Newcastle. Newcastle, who had previously admired The Earl of Sandwich, Bedford's successor as First Lord of the Admiralty, for his forthright and hardline views, had increasingly begun to distrust him and his relationship with Bedford. Newcastle engineered the dismissal of both of them, by sacking Sandwich in June 1751. Bedford resigned in protest, as Newcastle had calculated, allowing him to replace them with men he considered more loyal personally to him. During his time in the post he was accused of spending far too much time at his country estate playing cricket and shooting pheasants.

Seven Years' War

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

Instigated by his friends, he was active in opposition to the government, becoming the leader of a faction named after him, the Bedford Whigs. After Newcastle’s resignation in November 1756, Bedford became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the new government led by William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire. He retained this office after Newcastle, in alliance with Pitt, returned to power in June 1757. In Ireland he favoured a relaxation of the penal laws against Roman Catholics, but did not keep his promises to observe neutrality between the rival parties, and to abstain from securing pensions for his friends. His own courtly manners and generosity, and his wife’s good qualities, however, seem to have gained for him some popularity, although Horace Walpole says he disgusted everybody (the word "disgusting" then however had a much wider range of meanings than it has today, and might at its mildest mean simply "reserved"). He oversaw the Irish response to the threatened French invasion in 1759, and the landing of a small French force in northern Ireland. In March 1761 he resigned this office.

Peace negotiator

Main article: Peace of Paris (1763)

Having allied himself with the Earl of Bute and the party anxious to bring the Seven Years' War to a close, Bedford was noticed as the strongest opponent of Pitt, and became Lord Privy Seal under Bute after Pitt resigned in October 1761. The cabinet of Bute was divided over the policy to be pursued with regard to the war, but pacific counsels prevailed, and in September 1762 Bedford went to France to treat for peace. He was considerably annoyed because some of the peace negotiations were conducted through other channels, but he signed the Peace of Paris in February 1763. Resigning his office as Lord Privy Seal soon afterwards, various causes of estrangement arose between Bute and Bedford, and the subsequent relations of the two men were somewhat virulent.

Grenville ministry

The duke refused to take office under George Grenville on Bute’s resignation in April 1763, and sought to induce Pitt to return to power. A report, however, that Pitt would only take office on condition that Bedford was excluded, incensed him and, smarting under this rebuff, he joined the cabinet of Grenville as Lord President of the Council in September 1763. His haughty manner, his somewhat insulting language, and his attitude with regard to the regency bill in 1765 offended George III, who sought in vain to supplant him, and after this failure was obliged to make humiliating concessions to the ministry. In July 1765, however, he was able to dispense with the services of Bedford and his colleagues, and the duke became the leader of a political party, distinguished for rapacity, and known as the Bedford party, or the Bloomsbury gang.

Portrait of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford by Thomas Gainsborough, circa 1770

During his term of office he had opposed a bill to place high import duties on Italian silks. He was consequently assaulted and his London residence attacked by a mob. He took some part in subsequent political intrigues, and although he did not return to office, his friends, with his consent, joined the ministry of the Duke of Grafton in December 1767. This proceeding led "Junius" to write his "Letter to the Duke of Bedford," one of especial violence. Bedford was hostile to John Wilkes, and narrowly escaped from a mob favourable to the agitator at Honiton in July 1769.

Children

Child of John Russell and his first wife Lady Diana Spencer:

Children of John Russell and his second wife Hon. Gertrude Leveson-Gower:

Death

His health had been declining for some years, and in 1770 he became partially paralysed. He died at Woburn on 5 January 1771, and was buried in the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael’s Church, Chenies, Buckinghamshire. His sons all predeceased him, and he was succeeded in the title by his grandson, Francis.

The duke held many public offices: lord-lieutenant of Bedfordshire and Devon, and chancellor of Dublin University among others, and was a Knight of the Garter. Bedford was a proud and conceited man, but possessed both ability and common-sense. The important part which he took in public life, however, was due rather to his wealth and position than to his personal taste or ambition. He was neither above nor below the standard of political morality of the time, and was influenced by his duchess, who was very ambitious, and by followers who were singularly unscrupulous.

He served as the twelfth Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin from 1765 to 1770.

References

  1.  "Russell, John (1710–1771)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  2. Record for John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford on thepeerage.com
  3. G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, page 82-84, volume VIII, page 500.
  4. Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 2, page 1871.
Honorary titles
Preceded by
New Creation
President of the Foundling Hospital
1739–1771
Succeeded by
Lord North
Vacant
Title last held by
The Duke of Kent
Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire
1745–1771
Succeeded by
The Earl of Upper Ossory
Preceded by
The Earl of Orford
Lord Lieutenant of Devon
1751–1771
Succeeded by
The Earl Poulett
Political offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham
First Lord of the Admiralty
1744–1748
Succeeded by
The Earl of Sandwich
Preceded by
The Duke of Newcastle
Secretary of State for the Southern Department
1748–1751
Succeeded by
The Earl of Holdernesse
Preceded by
The Duke of Devonshire
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1757–1761
Succeeded by
The Earl of Halifax
Preceded by
The Earl Temple
Lord Privy Seal
1761–1763
Succeeded by
The Duke of Marlborough
Preceded by
The Earl Granville
Lord President of the Council
1763–1765
Succeeded by
The Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
None due to Seven Years' War
British Ambassador to France
1762–1763
Succeeded by
The Earl of Hertford
Peerage of England
Preceded by
Wriothesley Russell
Duke of Bedford
1732–1771
Succeeded by
Francis Russell
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