John S. Mosby

For the history of Mosby's Rangers, see 43rd Battalion, Virginia Cavalry.
John S. Mosby

Mosby during the 1860s
Birth name John Singleton Mosby
Nickname(s) "The Gray Ghost"[1]
Born (1833-12-06)December 6, 1833
Powhatan County, Virginia, U.S.
Died May 30, 1916(1916-05-30) (aged 82)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Buried at Warrenton Cemetery
Warrenton, Virginia, U.S.
Allegiance  Confederate States
Service/branch  Confederate army
Years of service 1861–1865
Rank Colonel
Unit 43rd Battalion, Virginia Cavalry
Commands held Mosby's Rangers
Battles/wars

American Civil War

Signature

John Singleton Mosby (December 6, 1833 – May 30, 1916), also known by his nickname, the "Gray Ghost", was a Confederate army cavalry battalion commander in the American Civil War. His command, the 43rd Battalion, 1st Virginia Cavalry, known as Mosby's Rangers or Mosby's Raiders, was a partisan ranger unit noted for its lightning quick raids and its ability to elude Union Army pursuers and disappear, blending in with local farmers and townsmen. The area of northern central Virginia in which Mosby operated with impunity was known during the war and ever since as Mosby's Confederacy. After the war, Mosby became a Republican and worked as an attorney and supported his former enemy's commander, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. He also served as the American consul to Hong Kong and in the U.S. Department of Justice.

Early life and education

Mosby was born in Powhatan County, Virginia on December 6, 1833, to Virginia McLaurine Mosby and Alfred Daniel Mosby, a graduate of Hampden-Sydney College. His father was a member of an old Virginian family of English origin whose ancestor, Richard Mosby, was born in England in 1600[2] and settled in Charles City, Virginia in the early 17th century. Mosby was named after his paternal grandfather, John Singleton.

Mosby began his education at a school called Murrell's Shop. When his family moved to Albemarle County, Virginia (near Charlottesville) in about 1840, John attended school in Fry's Woods before transferring to a Charlottesville school at the age of ten years. Because of his small stature and frail health, Mosby was the victim of bullies throughout his school career. Instead of becoming withdrawn and lacking in self-confidence, the boy responded by fighting back, although the editor of his memoirs recounted a statement Mosby made that he never won any fight in which he was engaged. In fact, the only time he did not lose a fight was when an adult stepped in and broke it up.[3]

In 1847, Mosby enrolled at Hampden-Sydney College, where his father was an alumnus. Unable to keep up with his mathematics class,[4] Mosby left the college after two years. On October 3, 1850,[5][6][7] he entered the University of Virginia, taking Classical Studies and joining the Washington Literary Society and Debating Union. He was far above average in Latin, Greek, and literature (all of which he enjoyed), but mathematics was still a problem for him. In his third year a quarrel erupted between Mosby and a notorious bully, George R. Turpin, a tavern keeper's son who was robust and physically impressive. When Mosby heard from a friend that Turpin had insulted him, Mosby sent Turpin a letter asking for an explanation—one of the rituals in the code of honor to which Southern gentlemen adhered. Turpin became enraged and declared that on their next meeting, he would "eat him up raw!" Mosby decided he had to meet Turpin despite the risk; to run away would be dishonorable.[8]

On March 29 the two met, Mosby having brought with him a small pepper-box pistol in the hope of dissuading Turpin from an attack. When the two met and Mosby said, "I hear you have been making assertions ..." Turpin put his head down and charged. At that point, Mosby pulled out the pistol and shot his adversary in the neck. The distraught 19-year-old Mosby went home to await his fate. He was arrested and arraigned on two charges: unlawful shooting (a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of one year in jail and a $500 fine) and malicious shooting (a felony with a maximum sentence of 10 years in the penitentiary). After a trial that almost resulted in a hung jury, Mosby was convicted of the lesser offense but received the maximum sentence. Mosby later discovered that he had been expelled from the university before he was brought to trial.[9]

While serving time, Mosby won the friendship of his prosecutor, attorney William J. Robertson. When Mosby expressed his desire to study law, Robertson offered the use of his law library. Mosby studied law for the rest of his incarceration. Friends and family used political influence in an attempt to obtain a pardon. Gov. Joseph Johnson reviewed the evidence and pardoned Mosby on December 23, 1853, as a Christmas present, and the state legislature rescinded the $500 fine at its next session.[10][11] The incident, trial, and imprisonment so traumatized Mosby that he never wrote about it in his memoirs.[12]

After studying for months in Robertson's law office, Mosby was admitted to the bar and established his own practice in nearby Howardsville.

Family Life

About this time, Mosby met Pauline Clarke (March 30, 1837 - May 10, 1876), who was visiting from Kentucky. Although he was Scots-Welsh Protestant (nominally Methodist or agnostic) and she was Catholic, courtship ensued. Her father was an active attorney and well-connected politician. They were married in a Nashville hotel on December 30, 1857. After living for a year with Mosby's parents, the couple settled in Bristol, Virginia, which was near a road connecting into Tennessee and Kentucky over the Cumberland Gap.

The Mosbys had two children before the Civil War (May and Beverley).[13] John Singleton Mosby Jr., who like his father became a lawyer, and later worked for mining companies in the west, was born in 1863 during the war. By 1870, the family included five children (adding Lincoln Mosby, 1865-1923, and Victoria Stuart Mosby Coleman, 1866-1946), and lived in Warrenton, Virginia. The Catholic Church established a mission in Warrenton by 1874, which is now known as St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church.[14] Mosby was dedicated to his family and paid to have them educated at the best Catholic schools in Washington, D.C. when he moved there after his wife's death in 1876. Their sons served as altar boys and Mosby's youngest sister, Florie, not only converted to Catholicism, but became a Catholic nun.[15] Two more daughters also survived their parents, Pauline V. Mosby (1869 - 1951) and Ada B. Mosby (1871 - 1937), but the Mosby's also lost two sons in the turbulent aftermath of the Panic of 1873, George Prentiss Mosby (1873 - 1874) and Alfred McLaurine Mosby (1876 - 1876).

Military Career in the American Civil War

Mosby during the American Civil War

Mosby spoke out against secession, but joined the Confederate army as a private at the outbreak of the war. He first served in William "Grumble" Jones's Washington Mounted Rifles. Jones became a Major and was instructed to form a more collective "Virginia Volunteers", which he created with two mounted companies and eight companies of infantry and riflemen, including the Washington Mounted Rifles. Mosby was upset with the Virginia Volunteers' lack of congeniality, and he wrote to the governor requesting to be transferred. However, his request was not granted. The Virginia Volunteers participated in the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas).

1861

John Singleton Mosby

After impressing J.E.B. Stuart with his ability to gather intelligence, Mosby was promoted to first lieutenant and assigned to Stuart's cavalry scouts. He helped the general develop attack strategies and was responsible for Stuart's "Ride around McClellan" during the Peninsula Campaign. Captured by Union cavalry (when??), Mosby was imprisoned in the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C. for ten days before being exchanged. Even as a prisoner Mosby spied on his enemy. During a brief stopover at Fort Monroe he detected an unusual buildup of shipping in Hampton Roads. He found they were carrying thousands of troops under Ambrose Burnside from North Carolina on their way to reinforce John Pope in the Northern Virginia Campaign. When he was released, Mosby walked to the army headquarters outside Richmond and personally related his findings to Robert E. Lee.[16]

1862

In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Partisan Rangers Act which allowed battalions to operate outside of the standard practices of war. This meant turning a blind eye to guerrilla tactics, including sharing the spoils of war and shooting prisoners for convenience or as a terroristic warning instead of keeping them alive (as humane treatment required).[17] By June 1862, Mosby was again scouting for Stuart during the Peninsular Campaign.[18] After the Battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1862 he and Stuart conducted raids behind Union lines in Prince William, Fairfax and Loudoun counties, seeking to disrupt federal communications and supplies between Washington D.C. and Fredericksburg. As the year ended, at Oakham Farm in Loudoun County, Virginia he gathered with various horseman from Middleburg, Virginia who decided to form what became known as Mosby's Rangers.[19]

1863

Mosby's Rangers-Top row (left to right): Lee Herverson, Ben Palmer, John Puryear, Tom Booker, Norman Randolph, Frank Raham.# Second row: Robert Blanks Parrott, John Troop, John W. Munson, John S. Mosby, Newell, Neely, Quarles.# Third row: Walter Gosden, Harry T. Sinnott, Butler, Gentry.

In January 1863, Stuart, with Lee's concurrence, authorized Mosby to form and take command of the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry. This was later expanded into Mosby's Command, a regimental-sized unit of partisan rangers operating in Northern Virginia. The 43rd Battalion operated officially as a unit of the Army of Northern Virginia, subject to the commands of Lee and Stuart, but its men (1,900 of whom served from January 1863 through April 1865) lived outside of the norms of regular army cavalrymen. The Confederate government certified special rules to govern the conduct of partisan rangers. These included sharing in the disposition of spoils of war. They had no camp duties and lived scattered among the civilian population. Mosby required proof from any volunteer that he had not deserted from the regular service, and only about 10% of his men had served previously in the Confederate Army.[20]

Having previously been promoted to captain, on March 15, 1863, and major, on March 26, 1863, in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, Mosby was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel on January 21, 1864, and to colonel, December 7, 1864.[21]

Mosby is famous for carrying out a daring raid far inside Union lines at the Fairfax County courthouse in March 1863, where his men captured three Union officers, including Brig. Gen. Edwin H. Stoughton. Mosby wrote in his memoirs that he found Stoughton in bed and roused him with a "spank on his bare back." Upon being so rudely awakened the general indignantly asked what this meant. Mosby quickly asked if he had ever heard of "Mosby". The general replied, "Yes, have you caught him?" "I am Mosby," the Confederate ranger said. "Stuart's cavalry has possession of the Court House; be quick and dress." Mosby and his 29 men had captured a Union general, two captains, 30 enlisted men, and 58 horses without firing a shot.[22][23]

Mosby led 100 men on a raid across the Potomac River to attack the Union camp at Seneca, Maryland on June 10, 1863. After routing a company of the Sixth Michigan Cavalry and burning their camp, Mosby reported to J.E.B. Stuart of the success. This drew Stuart's attention to Rowser's Ford, the point where Mosby had crossed the Potomac. This would impact the Gettysburg Campaign, as Stuart crossed Rowser's Ford the night of June 27 and was now separated from Lee's army and wouldn't arrive at Gettysburg until the afternoon of the second day of the battle. Lee stumbled into the battle without his cavalry, partly because of Mosby's successful skirmish at Seneca three weeks earlier.[24]

Mosby endured his first serious wound of the war on August 24, 1863, during a battle near Annandale, Virginia, when a bullet hit him through his thigh and side. He retired from the field with his troops and returned to action a month later.[25]

1864

Mosby endured a second serious wound on September 14, 1864, while taunting a Union regiment by riding back and forth in front of it. A Union bullet shattered the handle of his revolver before entering his groin. Barely staying on his horse to make his escape, he resorted to crutches during a quick recovery and returned to command three weeks later.[26]

Mosby's successful disruption of supply lines, attrition of Union couriers, and disappearance in the disguise of civilians caused Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to tell Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan:

The families of most of Moseby's men are know[n] and can be collected. I think they should be taken and kept at Fort McHenry or some secure place as hostages for good conduct of Mosby and his men. When any of them are caught with nothing to designate what they are hang them without trial.[27]

On September 22, 1864, Union forces executed six of Mosby's men who had been captured out of uniform in Front Royal, Virginia; a seventh (captured, according to Mosby's subsequent letter to Sheridan, "by a Colonel Powell on a plundering expedition into Rappahannock") was reported by Mosby to have suffered a similar fate.[28] William Thomas Overby was one of the men selected for execution on the hill in Front Royal. His captors offered to spare him if he would reveal Mosby's location, but he refused. According to reports at the time, his last words were, "My last moments are sweetened by the reflection that for every man you murder this day Mosby will take a tenfold vengeance."[29] After the executions a Union soldier pinned a piece of paper to one of the bodies that read: "This shall be the fate of all Mosby's men."[30]

Captain Montjoy, wood engraving 1867[31]

After informing General Robert E. Lee and Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon of his intention to respond in kind, Mosby ordered seven Union prisoners, chosen by lot, to be executed in retaliation on November 6, 1864, at Rectortown, Virginia. Although seven men were duly chosen in the original "death lottery," in the end just three men were actually executed. One numbered lot fell to a drummer boy who was excused because of his age, and Mosby's men held a second drawing for a man to take his place. Then, on the way to the place of execution a prisoner recognized Masonic regalia on the uniform of Confederate Captain Montjoy, a recently inducted Freemason then returning from a raid. The condemned captive gave him a secret Masonic distress signal. Captain Montjoy substituted one of his own prisoners for his fellow Mason[32] (though one source speaks of two Masons being substituted).[33] Mosby upbraided Montjoy, stating that his command was "not a Masonic lodge". The soldiers charged with carrying out the executions of the revised group of seven successfully hanged three men. They shot two more in the head and left them for dead (remarkably, both survived). The other two condemned men managed to escape separately.[34]

On November 11, 1864, Mosby wrote to Philip Sheridan, the commander of Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley, requesting that both sides resume treating prisoners with humanity. He pointed out that he and his men had captured and returned far more of Sheridan's men than they had lost.[35] The Union side complied. With both camps treating prisoners as "prisoners of war" for the duration, there were no more executions.

On November 18, 1864, Mosby's command defeated Blazer's Scouts at the Battle of Kabletown.[36]

Mosby had his closest brush with death on December 21, 1864, near Rector's Crossroads in Virginia. Apparently having dinner with a family in a Southern home, Mosby was fired on through a window, and the ball entered his abdomen two inches below the navel.[25] He managed to stagger into the bedroom and hide his coat, which had his only insignia of rank. The commander of the Union detachment, Maj. Douglas Frazar of the 13th New York Cavalry, entered the house and—not knowing Mosby's identity—inspected the wound and pronounced it mortal. Although left for dead, Mosby recovered and returned to the war effort once again two months later.[37]

1865

Several weeks after General Robert E. Lee's surrender, Mosby's status was uncertain, as some posters above the signature of Gen. Winfield S. Hancock stated that marauding bands would be destroyed and specifically named Mosby as a guerilla chief and not included in the parole, although Mosby received a copy on April 12 at a letter drop in the Valley along with a letter from Hancock's chief of staff, Gen. C.H. Morgan, calling on Mosby to surrender and promising the same terms as extended to Gen. Lee. Further negotiations followed, at Winchester and Millwood. Finally, on April 21, 1865, in Salem, Virginia, Mosby disbanded the rangers, and on the following day many former rangers rode their worst horses to Winchester to surrender, receive paroles and return to their homes.[38]

But Mosby himself rode south with several officers, planning to fight with General Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina. However, before he reached his fellow Confederates, a newspaper told of Johnston's surrender. Some proposed that they return to Richmond and capture the Union officers who were occupying the White House of the Confederacy, but Mosby rejected the plan, telling them, "Too late! It would be murder and highway robbery now. We are soldiers, not highwaymen."[39] By early May, Mosby confirmed the $5,000 bounty on his head, but still managed to evade capture, including at at raid near Lynchburg, Virginia which terrified his mother. When Mosby finally confirmed the arrest order had been rescinded, he surrendered on June 17, the last Confederate officer to do so.[40][41]

Later Legal Career

Mosby and his former lieutenant, John S. Russell

As the Civil War ended, Mosby was just 31, and would live another five decades in his own individualistic style. First, he resumed his law practice in Warrenton, and by December, 1865 was prosecuting the internal revenue collector in Prince William County for mule-stealing. Nonetheless, during the year after receiving his parole, Mosby often found himself harassed by occupying Union forces, arrested on petty or trumped-up charges, until his wife and young son Revardy, after being rebuffed by President Andrew Johnson despite their mutual kinship ties, met General Grant in January 1866 and secured a handwritten exemption from arrest and safe conduct.[42][43]

Mosby's former residence at Washington, D.C.'s Logan Circle in August 2008.

On May 8, 1872, as covered by the Washington Star, Mosby personally thanked now-U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant for that document. Mosby also told Grant he believed vehemently that election of Horace Greeley (a long-time editor of the New York Tribune detested in the South) would be worse for the South because the men surrounding him were worse than those surrounding his old benefactor Grant. A few days later, Massachusetts Congressman Benjamin Butler presented an amnesty bill for former Confederates, as Mosby had suggested in that meeting, and soon President Grant signed it into law. After Greeley became the Democratic party's nominee in July, Mosby became Grant's campaign manager in Virginia, and an active Republican, although he also made sure the Republicans would not run a candidate against his friend and fellow Warrenton attorney Eppa Hunton, who campaigned and won as a Democrat.[44] In his autobiography Grant stated, "Since the close of the war, I have come to know Colonel Mosby personally and somewhat intimately. He is a different man entirely from what I supposed. ... He is able and thoroughly honest and truthful."[45]

Soon, Mosby had become one of Grant's favorites and was bringing federal patronage jobs to local Virginians and trying to make a reapproachment between President Grant and Virginia Governor James Kemper, a Conservative elected the following year and whom Mosby also supported. However, that failed. His Republican political activity also made Mosby less popular in Warrenton; many considered him a turncoat. Many Southerners still considered Grant "the enemy", and Mosby received death threats, his boyhood home was burned down, and at least one attempt was made to assassinate him. Later reflecting on the animosity shown to him by his fellow Virginias, Mosby stated in a May 1907 letter that "There was more vindictiveness shown to me by the Virginia people for my voting for Grant than the North showed to me for fighting four years against him."[46]

After the deaths of his wife Pauline and infant son Alfred in mid-1876, Mosby decided to move his family to Washington, D.C., but had difficulty finding enough legal business to support them, spending time campaigning for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes. Scandals had rocked the Grant Adminstration as it ended, but Hayes became the next President. Mosby also courted powerful Ohio Congressman James Garfield, as he sought a government position, preferably in the Justice Department. He was instead offered a position as trade representative to Canton, but ultimately confirmed by the Senate as United States consul to Hong Kong (a position he held from 1878 to 1885).[47]

Mosby had to leave his children in the care of relatives, but this proved to be the first in a series of other federal government jobs and postings, many fighting rampant fraud in politically volitile situations. After the election of Grover Cleveland led to a change in administrations and his replacement by fellow Virginian Robert E. Withers, whom he despised, Mosby left China.[48] He would then spend about 16 years in California, working as a lawyer for the Southern Pacific Railroad until the death of his mentor Collis Huntington.

When Mosby returned to Washington at in the second term of the McKinley administration, he again sought a job in the Justice Department, but after McKinley's assassination, President Theodore Roosevelt sent Mosby West as a special agent of the Department of the Interior to deal with illegal fencing of range land by cattle barons in Colorado and Nebraska, often using fake homestead claims by military widows.[49] Mosby finally got the Department of Justice post he wanted with the Bureau of Insular and Territorial affairs, where he worked from 1904 to 1910.[50] In 1905 President Roosevelt sent him to Alabama to troubleshoot allegations of irregularities at the Port of Mobile. Next, he was sent to Oklahoma to investigate misappropriation of Indian Trust funds, and then back to investigate land frauds against Indian minors.[51]

Memoirist of the Civil War

Mosby was forced to retire from his Justice Department post at age 76, under the Robert A. Taft administration. Blind in one eye and cantankerous, he spent his final years in Washington, D.C., living in a boardinghouse and watched over by his remaining daughters to the extent he would let them or others.

Mosby also continued writing about his wartime exploits, as he had bein in 1887 Mosby's War Reminiscences and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns, which had defended the reputation of J.E.B. Stuart, who some partisans of the "Lost Cause" blamed for the Confederacy's defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mosby had served under Stuart and was fiercely loyal to the late general, writing, "He made me all that I was in the war. ... But for his friendship I would never have been heard of." He lectured in New England in connection with that first book and wrote numerous articles for popular publications. He published a book length treatise in 1908, a work that relied on his skills as a lawyer to refute categorically all of the claims laid against Stuart. A recent comprehensive study of the Stuart controversy, written by Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi, called Mosby's work a "tour de force".[52]

He attended only one reunion of his Rangers, in Alexandria, Virginia, in January 1895, preferring to look forward not back. During the war, he had kept a slave, but in 1894, Mosby wrote to a former comrade regarding the cause of the war, stating: "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery."[53][54][55]

In June 1907, Mosby wrote a letter to Samuel "Sam" Chapman, in which he expressed his displeasure over people, namely George Christian, downplaying and denying the importance of slavery in its causing the American Civil War. In the letter, Mosby explained his reasons as to why he fought for the Confederacy, despite personally disapproving of slavery. While he admitted that the Confederate states had seceded to protect and defend their institution of slavery, he had felt it was his patriotic duty as a Virginian to fight on behalf of the Confederacy, stating that "I am not ashamed of having fought on the side of slavery—a soldier fights for his country—right or wrong—he is not responsible for the political merits of the course he fights in" and that "The South was my country."[56][57]

Mosby was friends with the family of George S. Patton. Mosby visited the Patton Ranch and recreated Civil War battles with George, with Mosby playing himself and George playing Robert E. Lee.[58]

Death and Legacy

In January 1915 the University of Virginia awarded Mosby a medal and written tribute, which touched him deeply. Throughout his life, Mosby remained loyal to those he believed fair-minded, such as Stuart and Grant, but refused to cater to Southern sympathies. He proclaimed that there was "no man in the Confederate Army who had less of the spirit of knight-errantry in him, or took a more practical view of war than I did."[55] He died of complications after throat surgery in a Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. hospital on May 30, 1916, noting at the end that it was Memorial Day. He is buried at the Warrenton Cemetery in Warrenton, Virginia.[21]

"War Loses Its Romance": Inscription of military quotation by John S. Mosby at Veterans Memorial at the Lackawanna County Courthouse in Scranton, Pennsylvania

In popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Civil War Trust biography of Mosby.
  2. ↑ familysearch.org Archived December 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ↑ Mosby and Russell, pp. 6–7. Mosby made the statement to John S. Patton, who wrote in the Baltimore Sun about Mosby's difficulties at the University of Virginia.
  4. ↑ Brinkley, John Luster. On This Hill: A narrative history of Hampden-Sydney College, 1774–1994. Hampden–Sydney: 1994. ISBN 1-886356-06-8
  5. ↑ Jones, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Bell, 2008, p. 101.
  7. ↑ Siepel, 2008, pp. 22–24.
  8. ↑ Mosby and Russell, pp. 7–8.
  9. ↑ Ramage, pp. 20–24.
  10. ↑ Bell, Griffin B., Cole, John P. Footnotes to History: A Primer on the American Political Character. Mercer University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-865549-04-4
  11. ↑ Tate, J.R.. Walkin' with the Ghost Whisperers. Stackpole Books, 2006. ISBN 0-811745-44-9
  12. ↑ Wert, pp. 26–27.
  13. ↑ Ramage, pp. 28–30.
  14. ↑ http://www.stjohntheevangelist.org/history.html
  15. ↑ Siepel, pp. 176-178
  16. ↑ Longacre, p. 107.
  17. ↑ Oakham NRIS p. 19, available at http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Loudoun/053-0091_OakhamFarm_2015_NRHP_FINAL.pdf
  18. ↑ http://civilwarwomenblog.com/pauline-mosby/
  19. ↑ Oakham NRIS p. 19
  20. ↑ Wert, pp. 73–75.
  21. 1 2 Allardice, p. 284.
  22. ↑ Wert, pp. 20–22.
  23. ↑ Wheeler,Linda (September 9, 2012), The rough and tough exploits of Confederate raider John Mosby, Washington Post
  24. ↑ Peck, Garrett (2013). The Smithsonian Castle and the Seneca Quarry. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-1609499297.
  25. 1 2 Smith, p. 17.
  26. ↑ Smith, p. 17; Wert, p. 209.
  27. ↑ Neely, p. 79.
  28. ↑ Boyle, p. 161.
  29. ↑ Scott, p. 320 (quoting Overby).
  30. ↑ Boyle, p. 155.
  31. ↑ Engraving reproduced from Scott, p. 210. Scott refers to "Captain Mountjoy", but most references spell it "Montjoy".
  32. ↑ Boyle.
  33. ↑ Scott, pp. 355–60.
  34. ↑ Wert, pp. 244–48.
  35. ↑ Wert, pp. 249–50.
  36. ↑ Wert, pp. 252–54.
  37. ↑ Smith, p. 17; Wert, p. 267; "CivilWarAlbum.com". Mosby Heritage Area Tour. Mosby Heritage Area Association. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  38. ↑ Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: the life and times of John Singleton Mosby (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983) pp. 147-154
  39. ↑ Wert, pp. 287–90.
  40. ↑ Siepel, pp. 154-155
  41. ↑ See also Wert, p. 290; Allardyce p. 284, claims that he remained a fugitive until being arrested in January 1866, when his wife obtained the special pardon from General Grant.
  42. ↑ Siepel, pp. 162, 165-66
  43. ↑ Allardice, p. 284
  44. ↑ Siepel, pp. 163-164, 182
  45. ↑ Grant, vol. 2, p. 142.
  46. ↑ John Mosby (May 9, 1907). "Letter to Samuel Chapman". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  47. ↑ See generally Siepel pp. 190-202
  48. ↑ See generally Siepel pp. 203-244
  49. ↑ Siepel pp. 257-277
  50. ↑ McKnight, p. 1369.
  51. ↑ Siepel pp. 274-277
  52. ↑ Wittenberg and Petruzzi, pp. 219–28.
  53. ↑ Coski, John M. (2006). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  54. ↑ Lozada, Carlos (June 19, 2015). "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem.'". Retrieved July 1, 2015. Mosby continued to admire and appreciate Grant, and was unrepentant about turning Republican, writing the year before his death that "my animosity toward the North has long passed away."
  55. 1 2 http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Mosby_John_Singleton_1833-1916#start_entry
  56. ↑ "Letter, Assistant Attorney General John S. Mosby to Captain Sam Chapman". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. June 4, 1907. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.
  57. ↑ Hall, Clark B. "Bud" (2011). "Letter to the Fauquier Times Democrat". Middleburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  58. ↑ John Mosby and George Patton
  59. ↑ Mosby Heritage Area Association
  60. ↑ School website. The website incorrectly refers to Mosby as a general.
  61. ↑ "Rutgers in the Civil War," Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries Vol. 66 (2014), pages 99-100 http://jrul.libraries.rutgers.edu/index.php/jrul/article/viewFile/1865/3298
  62. 1 2 Mosby's Rangers on DVD Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ↑ IMDB.
  64. ↑ Piper, H. Beam (December 1950). "Rebel Raider". True: The Man's Magazine. Retrieved 2014-11-19.

References

Further reading

External links

John S. Mosby at Find a Grave

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