Jubilee Line Extension

Coordinates: 51°30′32″N 0°08′28″W / 51.509°N 0.141°W / 51.509; -0.141

The entrance to the Canary Wharf station

The Jubilee Line Extension is the extension of the London Underground Jubilee line from Green Park to Stratford through south and east London. An eastward extension of the line was first proposed in the 1970s and a modified route was constructed during the 1990s. It opened in stages from May to December of 1999.

Stations

The extension begins just south of Green Park, eastward to:

Station London borough Infrastructure
Westminster Westminster new ticket hall and two additional deep-level platforms
Waterloo Lambeth two additional deep-level platforms
Southwark Southwark new station with two deep-level platforms
London Bridge two additional deep-level platforms
Bermondsey new station with two deep-level platforms
Canada Water new station with two deep-level platforms and two new sub-surface platforms on East London Line
Canary Wharf Tower Hamlets new station with two deep-level platforms
North Greenwich Greenwich new station with three deep-level platforms
Canning Town Newham new station building with two surface platforms and two new elevated platforms for the DLR
West Ham two additional surface platforms
Stratford new station building and plaza and three additional surface platforms

Before the extension, the Jubilee line terminated at Charing Cross: the section between Charing Cross and Green Park is now unused for passenger services but is maintained for emergency use. The abandoned platforms are occasionally rented out by TfL as a film set. This section may be re-used as part of an extension of the Docklands Light Railway from Bank.

Planning

Original 1970s plans

The Jubilee line between Baker Street and Charing Cross was intended to be the first phase of the Fleet Line (as the Jubilee line was originally called).[1] In the first version of the Fleet Line Extension plan, the line ran from Charing Cross via Aldwych and Ludgate Circus to Fenchurch Street station, then via the Thames Tunnel to New Cross and Lewisham.

This plan was modified shortly before the Jubilee line opened in 1979. Under the new plan (and a new name, the River Line), it would run via the Isle of Dogs and Royal Docks to the "new town" at Thamesmead. (This route is not dissimilar to the Crossrail route through the Docklands.) A short extension was built eastwards from Charing Cross—the tracks extend almost as far as Aldwych, but work was soon abandoned.

Extension

Plans to extend the line were revived in the late 1980s, prompted by the Canary Wharf development, which massively increased the predicted numbers of jobs in the Isle of Dogs and required a transport network with much greater capacity than provided by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Initially, Olympia and York, the developers of Canary Wharf, proposed building the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway from Waterloo through London Bridge to Canary Wharf and then to Westcombe Park in Greenwich, costing £400 million. However, London Transport resisted this, preferring to wait for the results of studies into new railway construction. One of these, the East London Railway Study, recommended an extension of the Jubilee line from Green Park to Westminster, then following the route of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway, continuing to Stratford via Canning Town alongside the North London Line. This option was adopted, with an estimated cost of £2.1 billion to which Olympia and York would make a £400 million contribution, the original cost estimate of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway (Mitchell 2003). In the end it cost £3.5bn, partly because of huge cost overruns during construction. Where initially the developers were to pay for a large part of the extension, their final contribution was less than 5%.[2]

The extension was authorised in 1990. A station was originally planned at Blackwall, but this was replaced by diverting the line between Canary Wharf and Stratford underneath the Thames to serve the Greenwich peninsula at North Greenwich station. Plans for the Millennium Dome did not yet exist, and this diversion was made to provide for a planned housing development on the site of disused gasworks. British Gas plc contributed £25 million to the scheme.[3] The stations at Southwark and Bermondsey were not initially certain.[4] Main works were authorised by the London Underground Act 1992,[5] with additional works allowed by the London Underground (Jubilee) Act 1993.[6]

Construction officially started in December 1993, expected to take 53 months.[7] Tunnelling was delayed after a collapse during the Heathrow Express project in October 1994, which used the same New Austrian Tunnelling method.[8] By November 1997 a September 1998 date was planned.[9] By June 1998, opening was planned in Spring 1999.[10] By November 1998, a phased opening, previously rejected, was being considered, with Stratford to North Greenwich planned for spring 1999, to Waterloo for summer 1999, and the link to the Jubilee line for autumn 1999.[11][12] This scheme was followed, with the first phase opening on 14 May 1999, the second on 24 September, and the third on 20 November. Westminster, complicated by the interface with the subsurface platforms, which remained in operation, opened on 22 December 1999, shortly before the Millennium Dome deadline.[13] By February 1999, however, the cost of the extension had gone up to a total of £3.3 billion.[14]

The extension was supposed to have moving block signalling, designed by Westinghouse, in order to reach 36 trains per hour at peak times. As design of this overran, causing delays into 1999, this was abandoned in favour of more traditional signalling.[15]

The extension has proved extremely successful in relieving congestion on the DLR and in opening up access to parts of east London with formerly poor transport links. However, its considerable costs have delayed other Underground expansions such as the long-proposed Crossrail and the Chelsea-Hackney Line.

Design

Platform screen doors at Westminster.

The design of the extension is radically different from anything else on the London Underground. Stations are characterised by cavernous, stark interiors lined with polished metal panels and moulded concrete walls and columns. Some of the stations are truly enormous; Canary Wharf has been compared to a cathedral, with it being said that the neighbouring One Canada Square, if laid on its side, could fit in the station with room to spare. Westminster has a dramatic vertical void nearly 40 m (130 ft) deep.

The size of the stations was a response to safety concerns—overcrowding and a lack of exits had been significant factors in the 1987 King's Cross disaster—and an attempt to "future-proof" stations by designing from the start for a high use. One consequence is that most platforms and halls are full only in a busy rush hour.

A number of leading architects were employed to design the stations, with the lead being given by Roland Paoletti. It was decided from the outset that although each station would be designed as an individual entity, they would be linked by a common design philosophy and functional elements. Spaciousness was the most noticeable, along with the shared theme of grey and silver polished metal and concrete interiors. More subtly, many stations were designed to admit as much natural light as possible. At Bermondsey and to a lesser extent at Canada Water and Southwark, rotundas and shafts allow daylight to reach, or nearly reach, the platforms.

The platforms saw another innovation: full-height platform screen doors, to improve airflow and prevent people from jumping or falling onto the track.

Ground settlement

Satellite data processing using interferometric synthetic aperture radar can reveal historical ground motion trends over urban areas. The Central London images show ground and structure motion over the 13-year period from 1992 to 2005, with a linear pattern of settlement associated with construction of the extension.

References

  1. ↑ Wolmar, C., The Subterranean Railway, (2004)
  2. ↑ "LRB · James Meek · Crocodile’s Breath". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  3. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension (Hansard, 18 May 1992)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  4. ↑ "London Underground Bill (By Order)". Hansard. 12 July 1990.
  5. ↑ "London Underground Act 1992 (c. iii) (c. 3)". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  6. ↑ "London Underground (Jubilee) Act 1993 (c. ix) (c. 9)". England-legislation.hmso.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  7. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension". Hansard. 28 June 1993.
  8. ↑ "Record fine after tunnel collapse". BBC News. 15 February 1999.
  9. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension". Hansard. 10 November 1997.
  10. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension". Hansard. 9 June 1998.
  11. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension: Westminster Station". Hansard. 27 April 1998.
  12. ↑ "Jubilee Line Extension". Hansard. 27 November 1998.
  13. ↑ "Jubilee line facts". Transport for London.
  14. ↑ Harper, Keith (16 February 1999). "Jubilee line cost races towards record books at £330m a mile". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Moving block signals finally go ahead on Jubilee Line". New Civil Engineer. 3 October 2003.

Further reading

External links

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