Dryas iulia

Dryas iulia
Dorsal view
Side view
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Tribe:	Heliconiini
Genus:	Dryas Hübner, [1807]
Species:	D. iulia
Binomial name
Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775)
Subspecies
14 ssp., see text
Synonyms
Genus: Alcionea Rafinesque, 1815 Colaenis Hübner, 1819 Species: Dryas julia (a common lapsus)[1]

Dryas iulia (often incorrectly spelled julia),^[1] commonly called the Julia Butterfly, Julia Heliconian, The Flame, or Flambeau, is a species of brush-footed butterfly. The sole representative of its genus Dryas, it is native from Brazil to southern Texas and Florida, and in summer can sometimes be found as far north as eastern Nebraska. Over 15 subspecies have been described.

Two Julia Butterflies drinking tears from turtles in Ecuador

Its wingspan ranges from 82 to 92 mm, and it is colored orange (brighter in male specimens) with black markings; this species is somewhat unpalatable to birds and belongs to the "orange" Batesian Mimicry mimic complex.^[2]

This butterfly is a fast flier and frequents clearings, paths, and margins of forests and woodlands. It feeds on the nectar of flowers, such as lantanas (Lantana) and Shepherd's-needle (Scandix pecten-veneris), and the tears of caiman, the eye of which the butterfly irritates to produce tears.^[3] Its caterpillar feeds on leaves of passion vines including Passiflora affinis and Yellow Passionflower (P. lutea) in Texas.

The species is popular in butterfly houses because it is long-lived and active throughout the day.

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically.^[4]

• D. i. alcionea (Cramer, 1779) – (Surinam, Bolivia, Brazil)
• D. i. carteri (Riley, 1926) – (Bahamas)
• D. i. delila (Fabricius, 1775) – (Jamaica)
• D. i. dominicana (Hall, 1917) – (Dominica)
• D. i. framptoni (Riley, 1926) – (St. Vincent)
• D. i. fucatus (Boddaert, 1783) – (Dominican Republic)
• D. i. iulia (Fabricius, 1775) – (Puerto Rico)
• D. i. lucia (Riley, 1926) – (St. Lucia)
• D. i. largo Clench, 1975 – (Florida)
• D. i. martinica Enrico & Pinchon, 1969 – (Martinique)
• D. i. moderata (Riley, 1926) – (Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador)
• D. i. nudeola (Bates, 1934) – (Cuba)
• D. i. warneri (Hall, 1936) – (St. Kitts)
• D. i. zoe Miller & Steinhauser, 1992 – (Cayman Islands)^[5]

• 

  Dryas iulia alcionea MHNT

• 

  Dryas iulia dominicana MHNT

• 

  Caterpillar

• 

  D. i. alcionea
  Brazil

• 

  D. i. alcionea
  Brazil

• 

  D. i. alcionea
  Brazil

• 

  D. i. delila
  female, Jamaica

• 

  D. i. iulia
  male, Trinidad

• 

  D. i. zoe
  male, Grand Cayman

• 

  D. i. zoe
  male, Grand Cayman

• 

  D. i. zoe
  female, Grand Cayman

• 

  D. i. nudeola
  male, Cuba

• 

  D. i. nudeola
  female, Cuba

References

1. Lamas, G. (editor) (2004). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. ISBN 978-0-945417-28-6
2. Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996): Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds (Tyrannus melancholicus, Tyrannidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59(4): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x (HTML abstract)
3. Patrick Barkham and Camilla Turner guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 6 April 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/apr/06/sensational-butterflies-natural-history-museum
4. Dryas iulia, funet.fi
5. R. R. Askew and P. A. van B. Stafford, Butterflies of the Cayman Islands (Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2008) ISBN 978-87-88757-85-9, pp. 62-65

• Butterflies and Moths of North America (BMNA) (2008). Julia Heliconian. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
• Miller, L. D. & Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook: 115. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0

External links

Media related to Dryas julia at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Dryas (Nymphalidae) at Wikispecies