Eleazar ben Killir

Street named after him in Tel Aviv.

Eleazar ben Killir, also known as Eleazar Kalir, Eleazar Qalir or El'azar HaKalir (c. 570 – c. 640) was a Hebrew poet whose classical liturgical verses, known as piyut, have continued to be sung through the centuries during significant religious services, including those on Tisha B'Av[1] and on the sabbath after a wedding. He was one of Judaism's earliest and most prolific of the paytanim, Hebrew liturgical poets. He wrote piyutim for all the main Jewish festivals, for special Sabbaths, for weekdays of festive character, and for the fasts.[2] Many of his hymns have found their way into festive prayers of the Ashkenazi Jews' synagogal rite.[3]

Biographical details

Although his poems have had a prominent place in printed ritual and he is known to have lived somewhere in the Near East, documentation regarding details of the life of Eleazar ben Killir has been lost to history, including the exact year and circumstances of his birth and death. He is said to have been the disciple of another 6th-century composer of piyut, Yannai who, according to a certain legend, grew jealous of Eleazar's superior knowledge and caused his death by inserting into his shoe a scorpion whose sting proved to be fatal.[4][5] Samuel David Luzzatto,[6] however, dismisses this legend in light of the fact that Yannai's piyutim are still said. Luzzatto argues that if Yannai was a murderer then there is no way Yannai's piyutim would be so popular. Additionally, argues Luzzatto, Rabbi Gershom ben Judah mentions Yannai and uses honorific terms, something Rabbi Gershom would not have done if the legend is true.[7]

In the acrostics of his hymns he usually signs his father's name, Kalir, but three times he writes Killir.[5] In some of them, he adds the name of his city, Kirjath-sepher (See Rosh. Brochos, ch. 5, siman 21. [8]). Eleazar's name, home (Kirjath-sepher), and time have been the subject of many discussions in modern Jewish literature (Italy, Babylonia, Mesopotamia and Palestine have been claimed by different scholars as Killir's native land), and some legends concerning his career have been handed down.[5]

The author of the "Aruk" (s.v. 3, קלר) derives the name "Kalir" from the Greek κολλνρα = "a small cake,"[5][9] and reports that the poet obtained his name from a cake, inscribed with Biblical verses, which was given him to eat as a talisman for wisdom when he began to go to school. His scholarship having been attributed later to that talisman, he was called "Eleazar the Cake." While such a custom is known to have existed among the western Syrians and the Jews, others claim that the explanation put forward by the "Aruk" is not acceptable, since "Kalir" is not the name of the poet, but that of his father.[5] Another interpretation holds that the name was derived from the poet's or his father's hometown:[2] the Italian city Cagliari[5] in Sardinia, Calais, Cologne, Kallirrhoe in Transjordan (A. Jellinek, S. Cassel), or Edessa in Syria (F. Perles).[2] Others see in it the Latin name "Celer"[5] (J. Derenbourg).[2] The city Kirjath-sepher has been identified with the biblical place in the Land of Israel of the same name (W. Heidenheim),[2] with the Babylonian Sippara (Filosseno Luzzatto),[10] and with Cagliari (Civitas Portus), in Italy.[5]

The theory that he lived in Italy is based upon the premise that he wrote double "Kerobot" for the festivals (Berliner, "Geschichte der Juden in Rom," ii. 15;[11] Einstein, in "Monatsschrift," xxxvi. 529[12])[5] although Tosafot[13] and Rosh[8] assert that he did not write any for the second days.

His time has been set at different dates, from the second century, to the tenth or eleventh century.[2] Based on Saadiah's Sefer ha-galuy, some place him in the 6th century.[3] Older authorities consider him to have been a teacher of the Mishnah and identify him either with Eleazar b. 'Arak[14] or with Eleazar b. Simeon[13] (See Heller, Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann. Ma'adanei Yom Tov. Brochos, ch. 5, siman 21, gloss 5. [8] where he discusses whether he was the son of Rashbi or another Rabbi Shimon). He has been confounded with another poet by the name of Eleazar b. Jacob; and a book by the title of "Kebod Adonai" was ascribed to him by Botarel.[5]

The earliest references to Killir seem to be in a responsum of Natronai Gaon (c. 853; Weiss, "Dor Dor we-Dorshaw," iv. 118), in the "Yetzirah" commentary of Saadia (see Gräber, in "Oẓar ha-Sifrut," i., v.) and in his "Agron" (Stade's "Zeitschrift," 1882, p. 83), as well as in the writings of Al-Kirkisani (Harkavy, in "Ha-Maggid," 1879, No. 45, p. 359a).[5]

Modern research points to the probability that he and his teacher were Palestinian Jews; and since Yannai is known to have been one of the halakic authorities of Anan ben David, the alleged founder of Karaism, and must therefore have lived a considerable time earlier than he had, Killir's time may be fixed with some probability as the first half of the 7th century.[5] From a linguistic point of view it would seem that Killir lived in the Land of Israel at the end of the sixth century.[2]

Killir's hymns became an object of study and of Kabbalistic exegesis, as his personality was a mystery. It was related that heavenly fire surrounded him when he wrote the "Ve'hachayos" in Kedushah for Rosh Hashanah;[15] that he himself ascended to heaven and there learned from the angels the secret of writing alphabetical hymns.[5]

A peculiar development of the Killir legend is seen in the story that Saadia found in the tomb of Killir a recipe for making "kame'ot" in the form of cakes (Goldziher, in "Festschrift zum 70ten Geburtstag Berliners," p. 150). On a piyut found in the Mahzor Vitry and ascribed by Brody ("Ḳonṭres ha Piyyuṭim," p. 67, Berlin, 1894)[16] to Killir, see Max Weisz in "Monatsschrift," xli. 145.[5]

Poetic style

The "Kallir style" had a profound influence on the poets who succeeded him in Eretz Yisra'el and in the Near East. He made radical innovations in diction and style, while employing the full range of post-biblical Hebrew. It may be that the stories of Yannai growing jealous of him are based in fact, for the patterns of rhyme, acrostic, repetition, and refrain in his piyut are much more complex than those of his master.

His use of neologisms and other oddities has earned him a reputation as an enigmatic writer, to the point where some have criticized him for being obscure, and having a corruptive influence on the Hebrew language. Ben Killir, however, was capable of writing in simple and direct language, as poems like his Epithalamium[17] demonstrate.

Solomon Delmedigo warns the student against the writings of Killir because "he has cut up the Hebrew language in an arbitrary way" (Geiger, "Melo Chofnajim," p. 15).[18][5]

Killir was the first to embellish the entire liturgy with a series of hymns whose essential element was the Aggadah. He drew his material from the Talmud, and from Midrash compilations, some of which latter are now probably lost,[5] thus preserving some otherwise forgotten aggadic traditions.[2] The early "Hekalot Rabbati" of the Merkabah Riders were used by Killir, traces of their mystic ideas and even of their language being found in his poetry ("Monatsschrift," xxxvii. 71).[19][5] His language, however, is not that of his sources, but Biblical Hebrew, enriched with daring innovations. His predilection for rare words, allegorical expressions, and aggadic allusions make his writings hard to understand[5] – some describe him as a "Hebrew version of Robert Browning".[3] His linguistic peculiarities were followed by many a succeeding paytan; and they influenced to some extent even early prose, especially among the Karaites.[5]

With the awakening of linguistic studies among the Jews and with the growing acquaintance of the latter with Arabic, his linguistic peculiarities were severely criticized (e.g., by Abraham ibn Ezra on Eccl. ch 5, v. 1,[5] a criticism which centuries later influenced the maskilim in their disparagement of Killir[2]); but the structure of his hymns remained a model which was followed for centuries after him and which received the name "Kaliric",[5] (or "Kalliri"[2]).

Works

While some of his hymns have been lost, more than 200 of them have been embodied in the Mahzorim, i.e., prayer-books for the cycle of the festivals.[5] Most of the kinot of Tisha B'Av have been composed by him too.

Although much, perhaps most, of Killir's work remains unpublished, Shulamit Elizur has published three volumes of his poetry, and continues to work on his work.

Translations of some of Killir's hymns into German are found in Zunz, "Synagogale Poesie des Mittelalters" pp. 75 et al. (Berliner, "Synagogal-Poesieen," p. 24; De Lagarde, "Mittheilungen," ii. 138), in Sachs's edition of the prayer-book, and in Karpeles' "Zionsharfe," pp. 10-17; some have been rendered into English by Nina Davis in "J. Q. R." ix. 29, and by Mrs. Lucas in "Songs of Zion,"[20] p. 60.[5]

Some renderings of Killir's poems may be found in the volumes of Davis & Adler's edition of the German Festival Prayers entitled Service of the Synagogue.[3]

Street in Tel Aviv

In the modern Israeli city of Tel Aviv, "Elazar HaKalir" street, near the city council building, is named after him.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carmi, T. (1981). "To the Tenth Century". Hebrew Verse (in English and Hebrew). Fairfield, Pennsylvania: Penguin Books. p. 227.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 KALLIR, ELEAZAR in the Jewish Virtual Library.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "KALIR (QALIR), ELEAZER". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved Sep/29/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. ↑ Carmi, T. (1981). "Table of Poems". Hebrew Verse (in English and Hebrew). Fairfield, Pennsylvania: Penguin Books. p. 88.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Kalir, Eleazar". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. Retrieved Sep/29/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
    Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography:
  6. ↑ Luzzatto, Samuel David (1856). מבוא למחזור כמנהג בני רומא (in Hebrew). Livorno. p. 8. Retrieved Oct/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  7. ↑ "Eliezer Kallir - Updated". Oct/7/08. Retrieved Oct/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  8. 1 2 3 Rosh (in Hebrew). Brochos, ch. 5, siman 21, with Ma'adanei Yom Tov. Retrieved Dec/25/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  9. ↑ Trachtenberg, Joshua (2004) [Originally published 1939]. Jewish Magic and Superstition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780812218626.
  10. ↑ Luzzatto, Samuel David. מבוא למחזור כמנהג בני רומא. p. 9. Retrieved Oct/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  11. ↑ Berliner, Abraham (1893). Geschichte der Juden in Rom (in German) 2. Frankfurt: J. Kauffmann. p. 15. Retrieved Dec/25/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  12. ↑ Einstein, Berthold (1887). "Abermals über die Kalir-Frage". Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums (in German): 529. Retrieved Dec/25/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  13. 1 2 Tosafot (in Hebrew). Wikisource link to תוספות חגיגה יג א. Wikisource.
  14. ↑ Shlomo ben Aderet. "469". שאלות ותשובות (in Hebrew) 1. OCLC 233041810. Retrieved Oct/7/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  15. ↑ Shibbole ha-Leket 28
  16. ↑ קונטרס הפיוטים (in Hebrew). Retrieved Nov/6/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  17. ↑ Eleazar ben Killir (Kallir) at Poetry-Chaikhana
  18. ↑ מלא חפנים (in Hebrew). Retrieved Nov/5/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  19. ↑ Bloch, Philipp (1893). "Die יורדי מרכבה" [The Merkabah Riders]. Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums (in German) (Breslau): 71. OCLC 5764327.
  20. ↑ Songs of Zion by Hebrew Singers of Mediæval Times. Translated into English verse by Mrs. Henry Lucas. London: J. M. Dent and Co. 1894. Retrieved Nov/6/13. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

External links

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