Kalmar

This article is about the Swedish town. For other uses, see Kalmar (disambiguation).
Kalmar

Storgatan in Kalmar

Coat of arms
Kalmar
Coordinates: 56°39′41″N 16°21′46″E / 56.66139°N 16.36278°E / 56.66139; 16.36278Coordinates: 56°39′41″N 16°21′46″E / 56.66139°N 16.36278°E / 56.66139; 16.36278
Country Sweden
Province Småland
County Kalmar County
Municipality Kalmar Municipality
Charter 1100
Area[1]
 • City 19.50 km2 (7.53 sq mi)
Elevation 8 m (26 ft)
Population (31 December 2010)[1]
 • City 36,392
 • Density 1,866/km2 (4,830/sq mi)
 • Metro 61,533
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 39x xx
Area code(s) (+46) 480
Website kalmar.se

Kalmar is a city in the southeast of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 36,392 inhabitants in 2010[1] and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality. It is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 236,399 inhabitants (2015).

From the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries, Kalmar was one of Sweden's most important cities. Between 1602 and 1913 it was the episcopal see of Kalmar Diocese, with a bishop, and the Kalmar Cathedral from 1702 is still a fine example of classicistic architecture. It became a fortified city, with the Kalmar Castle as the center. After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Kalmar's importance diminished, until the industry sector was initiated in the 19th century. The city is home to parts of Linnaeus University.

Kalmar is adjacent to the main route to the island of Öland over the Öland Bridge.

History

The area around Kalmar has been inhabited since ancient times. Diggings have found traces of stone age gravefields. The oldest sources of there being a town are however from the 11th century. According to a medieval folk tale, the Norwegian patron Saint Olav had his ships moved to Kalmar. The oldest city seal of Kalmar is from somewhere between 1255–1267, making it the oldest known city seal in Scandinavia.

In the 12th century the first foundations of a castle were established, with the construction of a round tower for guard and lookout. The tower was continuously expanded on in the 13th century, and as such, Queen Margaret called an assembly there between head of states of Sweden and Norway, and on 13 July 1397, the Kalmar Union treaty was signed, which would last until 1523. Kalmar's strategic location, near the Danish border (at the time the Scanian lands, i.e. the provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Scania, were part of Denmark), and its harbour and merchancy, also involved it into several feuds. There are two events independently labelled Kalmar bloodbath: The first in 1505, when King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden let execute the mayor and city council of Kalmar; the second in 1599 by command of Duke Charles, later to become King Charles IX of Sweden.

Kalmar Castle today

In the 1540s, first King Gustav Vasa, and later his sons Erik XIV of Sweden and John III of Sweden would organize a rebuilding of the castle into the magnificent Renaissance castle it is today.

Kalmar became a diocese in 1602, a position it held until 1903. In 1634, Kalmar County was founded, with Kalmar as the natural capital. In 1660, the Kalmar Cathedral was begun by drawings of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. It would be inaugurated in 1703.

In 1611–1613, it suffered in the Kalmar War, which began with a Danish siege of Kalmar Castle. 1611 is mentioned as the darkest year of Kalmar's history, but by no means the only dark year; much blood has been shed in the vicinity of the castle. The last was during the Scanian War in the 1670s, leading its sieges to a total of 22—yet, the castle was never taken.

After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, the strategic importance of Kalmar gradually diminished as the borders were drawn to a southern latitude. In 1689, the King established his main naval base south in Karlskrona and Kalmar lost its status as one of Sweden's main military outposts.

Kalmar Cathedral

Kalmar Cathedral today

The new city of Kalmar built on Kvarnholmen around the mid-1600s. The transfer from the old town was largely completed 1658th The new, fortified town was planned after the current renaissance ideals. According to this pattern were placed church and town hall across from each other at a major square Stortorget Kalmar. The cathedral was built, designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Elder and is one of the foremost examples of barock klassicismens breakthrough in Sweden. Kalmar Cathedral drawing series reflects the complex interaction between the new style, liturgical considerations, tradition and the fortress-city requirements. The work began in 1660, but it was interrupted on several occasions, including when the Scanian War (Skånska kriget 1675–1679) raged. Construction resumed, and Kalmar Cathedral stood finished in 1703.

Today

In more recent times, Kalmar has been an industrial city with Kalmar Verkstad making steam engines, trains and large machinery, later bought by Bombardier who closed the factory in 2005. A shipyard, Kalmar Varv, was founded in 1679 and closed 1981. Volvo opened their Kalmar factory for building cars i.e. 264, 740, 760, 960 in 1974, but closed it 1994 and due to further relocation of industry jobs in the 1990s and 2000s around 2000 industrial jobs were lost. Kalmar has a university with over 9,000 students and a research facility for Telia Sonera.

Kalmar has embarked on a comprehensive program to reduce fossil fuel use. A local trucking firm, which employs nearly 450 people, has installed computers that track fuel efficiency and have cut diesel use by 10 percent, paying off the cost of the devices in just a year. The company is now looking to fuel its future fleet with biodiesel.[2]

A large wood pulp plant harnesses the steam and hot water it once released as waste to provide heating, through below-ground pipes, and generates enough electricity to power its own operations and 20,000 homes.[2]

Bicycle lanes are common; for example, the Kalmarsundsleden,[3] and cars line up at Kalmar city's public biogas pump. Building codes now require thermal insulation and efficient windows for new construction or retrofits. Street lights use low-energy sodium bulbs, and car dealers promote fuel-efficient and hybrid vehicles.[2]

In 2011 Guldfågeln Arena was initiated. It is the new stadium of the football team of the city, Kalmar FF. The capacity of the stadium is 12,000 people and it is currently one of the newest stadiums in Sweden. The stadium was also built to host concerts and did so in the summer of 2011 when Swedish artists Håkan Hellström and The Ark performed.

Climate

Kalmar has a cold oceanic climate.[4] It is somewhat continental with warm summers and cold winters which normally averages just above the freezing point during days and goes somewhat below it at night. It has some of the hottest temperatures recorded by Swedish cities for most months, with an all-time record of 35.2 °C (95.4 °F).[5] The average summer temperatures however are quite normal for southern Sweden.

Climate data for Kalmar (2002-2015); precipitation 1961-1990; extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 25.7
(78.3)		 28.6
(83.5)		 33.0
(91.4)		 35.2
(95.4)		 33.1
(91.6)		 28.2
(82.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 15.4
(59.7)		 13.2
(55.8)		 35.2
(95.4)
Average high °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)		 2.3
(36.1)		 6.2
(43.2)		 11.2
(52.2)		 16.0
(60.8)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.5
(72.5)		 21.8
(71.2)		 17.7
(63.9)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 3.4
(38.1)		 11.8
(53.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 2.0
(35.6)		 6.0
(42.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 14.7
(58.5)		 17.5
(63.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 13.0
(55.4)		 7.9
(46.2)		 4.5
(40.1)		 0.8
(33.4)		 7.7
(45.9)
Average low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 0.9
(33.6)		 5.4
(41.7)		 9.3
(48.7)		 12.4
(54.3)		 11.7
(53.1)		 8.3
(46.9)		 4.1
(39.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 3.5
(38.3)
Record low °C (°F) −31.0
(−23.8)		 −26.5
(−15.7)		 −27.6
(−17.7)		 −12.7
(9.1)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 2.6
(36.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −8.8
(16.2)		 −17.3
(0.9)		 −25.3
(−13.5)		 −31.0
(−23.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.0
(1.457)		 28.9
(1.138)		 29.5
(1.161)		 29.0
(1.142)		 34.7
(1.366)		 38.9
(1.531)		 59.5
(2.343)		 49.5
(1.949)		 50.1
(1.972)		 38.5
(1.516)		 46.5
(1.831)		 41.2
(1.622)		 484.0
(19.055)
Source #1: SMHI[6]
Source #2: SMHI Monthly Data 2002-2015[7]

Gallery

History

Main sights

General views

Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Kalmar:

Notable natives

Twin towns – Sister cities

Kalmar is twinned with nine cities:[8]

See also

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Going green: Entire Swedish city switches to biofuels to become environmentally friendly
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ "Kalmar, Sweden Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  5. ↑ "Monthly Weather Data - July 2014 (all-time records section)" (PDF). SMHI. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  6. ↑ "Precipitation Normals 1961-1990" (in Swedish). Swedish Metereological and Hydrological Institute (Kalmar code 6641).
  7. ↑ "Yearly and Monthly Statistics" (in Swedish). SMHI. March 25, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Våra vänorter". kalmar.se. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalmar.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kalmar.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, April 30, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.