Afyonkarahisar

For other uses, see Kara Hisar.
Afyonkarahisar
Municipality

A view from the Cumhuriyet Square and Utku Monument in Afyonkarahisar
Afyonkarahisar

Location of Afyonkarahisar

Coordinates: 38°45.48′N 30°32.32′E / 38.75800°N 30.53867°E / 38.75800; 30.53867Coordinates: 38°45.48′N 30°32.32′E / 38.75800°N 30.53867°E / 38.75800; 30.53867
Country Turkey
Region Aegean
Province Afyonkarahisar
Government
 • Mayor Burhanettin Çoban (AKP)
 • Governor İrfan Balkanlıoğlu
Area[1]
 • District 1,025.14 km2 (395.81 sq mi)
Elevation 1,021 m (3,350 ft)
Population (2012)[2]
 • Urban 186,991
 • District 263,297
 • District density 260/km2 (670/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 03xxx
Licence plate 03
Website www.afyon-bld.gov.tr

Afyonkarahisar (Turkish pronunciation: [afjonkaɾahiˈsaɾ], Turkish: afyon "poppy, opium", kara "black", hisar "fortress"[3]) is a city in western Turkey, the capital of Afyon Province. Afyon is in mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast, 250 km (155 mi) south-west of Ankara along the Akarçay River. Elevation 1,021 m (3,350 ft). Population (2010 census) 173,100 [4]

Etymology

The name Afyon Kara Hisar (literally opium black castle in Turkish), since opium was widely grown here and there is a castle on a black rock. Also known simply as Afyon. Older spellings include Karahisar-i Sahip, Afium-Kara-hissar and Afyon Karahisar. The city was known as Afyon (opium), until the name was changed to Afyonkarahisar by the Turkish Parliament in 2004.

History

Photo of a 15th-century map showing region containing Nicopolis.

The top of the rock in Afyon has been fortified for a long time. It was known to the Hittites as Hapanuwa, and was later occupied by Phrygians, Lydians and Achaemenid Persians until it was conquered by Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander the city (now known as Akroinοn (Ακροϊνόν) or Nikopolis (Νικόπολις) in Ancient Greek), was ruled by the Seleucids and the kings of Pergamon, then Rome and Byzantium. The Byzantine emperor Leo III after his victory over Arab besiegers in 740 renamed the city Nicopolis (Greek for "city of victory"). The Seljuq Turks then arrived in 1071 and changed its name to Kara Hissar ("black castle") after the ancient fortress situated upon a volcanic rock 201 meters above the town. Following the dispersal of the Seljuqs the town was occupied by the Sâhib Ata and then the Germiyanids.

The castle was much fought over during the Crusades and was finally conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I in 1392 but was lost after the invasion of Timur Lenk in 1402. It was recaptured in 1428 or 1429.

The area thrived during the Ottoman Empire, as the centre of opium production and Afyon became a wealthy city with the typical Ottoman urban mixture of Turks and Armenians. During the 1st World War British prisoners of war who had been captured at Gallipoli were housed here in an empty Armenian church at the foot of the rock. During the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) campaign (part of the Turkish War of Independence) Afyon and the surrounding hills were occupied by French, Italian and then Greek forces. However, it was recovered on 27 August 1922, a key moment in the Turkish counter-attack in the Aegean region. After 1923 Afyon became a part of the Republic of Turkey.

The region was a major producer of raw opium (hence the name Afyon) until the late 1960s when under international pressure, from the USA in particular, the fields were burnt and production ceased. Now poppies are grown under a strict licensing regime. They do not produce raw opium any more but derive Morphine and other opiates using the poppy straw method of extraction.[5]

Afyon was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknote of 1927-1938.[6]

Climate

Afyonkarahisar has a hot and dry summer continental climate (Dsa) under the Köppen classification and a hot summer continental (Dca) or hot summer oceanic climate (Doa) under the Trewartha classification. The winters are cold and snowy winters and the summers are hot and dry with cool nights. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn.

Climate data for Afyonkarahisar (1950 - 2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.4
(63.3)		 20.2
(68.4)		 26.4
(79.5)		 30.2
(86.4)		 32.0
(89.6)		 35.8
(96.4)		 39.8
(103.6)		 38.2
(100.8)		 35.6
(96.1)		 31.1
(88)		 24.5
(76.1)		 21.0
(69.8)		 39.8
(103.6)
Average high °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3)		 6.5
(43.7)		 11.0
(51.8)		 16.4
(61.5)		 21.1
(70)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.3
(84.7)		 29.5
(85.1)		 25.2
(77.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 12.6
(54.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 17.29
(63.13)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.4
(41.7)		 10.4
(50.7)		 15.0
(59)		 19.1
(66.4)		 22.2
(72)		 22.1
(71.8)		 17.7
(63.9)		 12.1
(53.8)		 6.7
(44.1)		 2.5
(36.5)		 11.28
(52.31)
Average low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 0.2
(32.4)		 4.4
(39.9)		 8.1
(46.6)		 11.3
(52.3)		 13.8
(56.8)		 13.7
(56.7)		 10.0
(50)		 5.9
(42.6)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 5.17
(41.3)
Record low °C (°F) −27.0
(−16.6)		 −25.3
(−13.5)		 −17.0
(1.4)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 1.0
(33.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 −7.2
(19)		 −14.9
(5.2)		 −18.0
(−0.4)		 −27
(−16.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.2
(1.661)		 37.7
(1.484)		 43.7
(1.72)		 46.3
(1.823)		 51.6
(2.031)		 35.1
(1.382)		 19.4
(0.764)		 11.2
(0.441)		 19.7
(0.776)		 37.5
(1.476)		 32.9
(1.295)		 45.3
(1.783)		 422.6
(16.636)
Average precipitation days 12.6 11.9 12.5 11.9 12.1 7.5 3.9 3.1 4.3 7.6 8.8 12.6 108.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.0 4.1 5.1 6.3 8.2 10.1 11.2 10.6 8.5 6.3 4.5 2.5 6.7
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[7]

Afyon today

Afyon is the centre of an agricultural area and the city has a country town feel to it. There is little in the way of bars, cafes, live music or other cultural amenities, and the standards of education are low for a city in the west of Turkey. However Afyon Kocatepe University opened in the 1990s and this must surely lead to improvements eventually. Nowadays Afyon is known for its marble (in 2005 there were 355 marble quarries in the province of Afyon producing high quality white stone), its sucuk (spiced sausages), its kaymak (meaning either cream or a white Turkish Delight) and various handmade weavings. There is also a large cement factory.

This is a natural crossroads, the routes from Ankara to İzmir and from Istanbul to Antalya intersect here and Afyon is a popular stopping-place on these journeys. There are a number of well-established roadside restaurants for travellers to breakfast on the local cuisine. Some of these places are modern well-equipped hotels and spas; the mineral waters of Afyon are renowned for their healing qualities. There is also a long string of roadside kiosks selling the local Turkish delight.

Transport

Afyon is also an important rail junction between İzmir, Konya, Ankara and Istanbul. Afyon is on the route of the planned high-speed rail line between Ankara and Izmir.

See also: Afyon Ali Çetinkaya railway station, Afyon City railway station

Cuisine

Courses

Kaymak lokum, Turkish delight of cream, a speciality of Afyonkarahisar.

Sweets

Main sights

With its rich architectural heritage, the city is a member of the European Association of Historic Towns and Regions .

Table of population over years
Year 1914 1990 1995 2000
Population 285,750[9] 95,643 103,000 128,516

Twin towns – sister cities

Notable natives

Following list is alphabetically sorted after family name.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. ↑ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. ↑ Lewis Thomas (Apr 1, 1986). Elementary Turkish. Courier Dover Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-0486250649.
  4. ↑ Statistical Institute
  5. ↑ https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation
  6. ↑ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Banknote Museum: 1. Emission Group - Fifty Turkish Lira - I. Series. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
  7. ↑ "Meteoroloji" (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  8. ↑ "Müzeler-Zafer Müzesi (Başkomutan Tarihi Milli Park Müdürlüğü)" (in Turkish). Ayfonkarahisar İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  9. ↑ Stanford, Jay Shaw (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University. pp. 239–241. ISBN 9780521291668.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Afyonkarahisar.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Afyonkarahisar.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Afiun-Kara-Hissar.
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