Katětov–Tong insertion theorem

The Katětov–Tong insertion theorem is a theorem of point-set topology proved independently by Miroslav Katětov^[1] and Hing Tong^[2] in the 1950s.

The theorem states the following:

Let $X$ be a normal topological space and let $g, h\colon X \to \mathbb{R}$ be functions with g upper semicontinuous, h lower semicontinuous and $g \leq h$. There exists a continuous function $f\colon X \to \mathbb{R}$ with $g \leq f \leq h.$

This theorem has a number of applications and is the first of many classical insertion theorems. In particular it implies the Tietze extension theorem and consequently Urysohn's lemma, and so the conclusion of the theorem is equivalent to normality.

References

1. Miroslav Katětov, On real-valued functions in topological spaces, Fundamenta Mathematicae 38 (1951), 85–91.
2. Hing Tong, Some characterizations of normal and perfectly normal spaces, Duke Mathematical Journal 19 (1952), 289–292. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-52-01928-5