Chanakya

Chanakya

An artist's impression of Chanakya
Born 350 BCE[1][2]
Died 275 BCE[1][2]
Pataliputra
Other names Kauṭilya, Vishnugupta
Alma mater Taxila
Occupation Professor; advisor of Chandragupta Maurya
Known for Foundation of the Maurya Empire
Notable work Arthashastra, Chanakya Niti

Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakya;  pronunciation ; 350–275 BCE)[1][2] was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and royal advisor. He is traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or Vishnu Gupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra.[3] As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to classical economics.[4][5][6][7] His works were lost near the end of the Gupta Empire and not rediscovered until 1915.[5]

Originally a teacher at the ancient university of Takshashila, Chanakya assisted the first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta in his rise to power. He is widely credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire. Chanakya served as the chief advisor to both emperors Chandragupta and his son Bindusara.

Origin

Birth

Chanakya was born in a Brahmin family.[8] Chanakya's birthplace is a matter of controversy, and there are multiple theories about his origin.[1] According to the Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika, his birthplace was Takshashila.[9] The Jain scriptures, such as Adbidhana Chintamani, mention him as a Dramila, implying that he was a native of South India.[9][10] According to the Jain writer Hemachandra's Parishishtaparvan, Chanakya was born in the Chanaka village of the Golla region, to a Brahmin named Chanin and his wife Chaneshvari.[11] Other sources mention his father's name as Chanak and state that Chanakya's name derives from his father's name.[12] According to some sources, Chanakya was a Brahmin from North India, scholar in Vedas,[13] and a devotee of Vishnu.[14] According to Jain accounts he became a Jain in his old age like Chandragupta Maurya.[15][16][17]

Sources of information

There is little purely historical information about Chanakya: most of it comes from semi-legendary accounts. Thomas Trautmann identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend):[18]

Version of the legend Example texts
Buddhist version Mahavamsa and its commentary Vamsatthappakasini (Pali language)
Jain version Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra
Kashmiri version Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva, Brihat-Katha-Manjari by Ksemendra
Vishakhadatta's version Mudrarakshasa, a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta

The following elements are common to these legends:

Identification with Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta

The ancient Arthashastra has been traditionally attributed to Chanakya by a number of scholars. The Arthashastra identifies its author by the name Kauṭilya, except for one verse that refers to him by the name Vishnugupta.[19] Kauṭilya is presumably the name of the author's gotra (clan).[20]

One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was Vishnu Sharma's Panchatantra in the 3rd century BCE.[21]

K. C. Ojha puts forward the view that the traditional identification of Vishnugupta with Kauṭilya was caused by a confusion of the text's editor and its originator. He suggests that Vishnugupta was a redactor of the original work of Kauṭilya.[3] Thomas Burrow goes even further and suggests that Chanakya and Kauṭilya may have been two different people.[22]

Early life

Chanakya was educated at Takshashila, an ancient centre of learning located in north-western ancient India (present-day Pakistan).[23] He later became a teacher (acharya) at the same place. Chanakya's life was connected to two cities: Takshashila and Pataliputra (present-day Patna in Bihar, India). Pataliputra was the capital of the Magadha kingdom, which was connected to Takshashila by Uttarapatha, the northern high road of commerce.

Role in the fall of the Nanda empire

Dhana Nanda's empire, circa 323 BCE
Chandragupta's empire in its early years

Chanakya and Chandragupta have been credited with defeating the powerful Nanda Empire and establishing the new Maurya Empire.

Mudrarakshasa ("The Signet of the Minister"), a play dated variously from the late 4th century to the early 8th century, narrates the ascent of Chandragupta Maurya to power: Sakatala, an unhappy royal minister, introduced Chanakya to the Nanda king, knowing that Chanakya would not be treated well in the court. Insulted at the court, Chanakya untied the sikha (lock of hair) and swore that he would not tie it back till he destroyed the Nanda kingdom. According to Mudrarakshasa, Chandragupta was the son of a royal concubine named Mura and spent his childhood in the Nanda palace. Chanakya and Chandragupta signed a pact with Parvataka (identified with King Porus by some scholars[24]) of north-west India that ensured his victory over the Nanda empire. Their combined army had Shaka, Yavana (Greek), Kirata, Kamboja and Vahlik soldiers. Following their victory, the territories of the Nanda empire were divided between Parvataka and Chanakya's associate Chandragupta. However, after Parvataka's death, his son Malayaketu sought control of all the former Nanda territories. He was supported by Rakshasaa, the former Nanda minister, several of whose attempts to kill Chandragupta were foiled by Chanakya. As part of their game plan, Chanakya and Chandragupta faked a rift between themselves. As a sham, Chandragupta removed Chanakya from his ministerial post, while declaring that Rakshasa is better than him. Chanakya's agents in Malayaketu's court then turned the king against Rakshasa by suggesting that Rakshasa was poised to replace Chanakya in Chandragupta's court. The activities by Chanakya's spies further widened the rift between Malayaketu and Rakshasa. His agents also fooled Malayaketu into believing that five of his allies were planning to join Chandragupta, prompting Malayaketu to order their killings. In the end, Rakshasa ends up joining Chandragupta's side, and Malayaketu's coalition is completely undone by Chanakya's strategy.

According to the Buddhist texts, Chandragupta was the son of the chief of the Moriya clan of Pipphalivana. Chanakya once saw him leading a band of local youth and was highly impressed. He picked Chandragupta as the leader of the anti-Nanda revolt.[24]

After the establishment of the Maurya Empire

Chanakya continued to serve as an advisor to Chandragupta after the establishment of the Maurya Empire. According to a popular legend mentioned in Jain texts, Chanakya used to add small doses of poison to the food eaten by Chandragupta Maurya (mithridatism) in order to make him immune to the poisoning attempts by the enemies.[25][26] Unaware, Chandragupta once fed some of his food to his queen, Durdhara, who was seven days away from delivery. The queen, not immune to the poison, collapsed and died within a few minutes. In order to save the heir to the throne, Chanakya cut the queen's belly open and extracted the foetus just as she died. The baby was named Bindusara, because he was touched by a drop (bindu) of poisoned blood.[27][28] Chanakya served as an advisor to Bindusara for some years.

Death

According to one legend, Chanakya retired to the jungle and starved himself to death.[29] According to another legend mentioned by the Jain writer Hemachandra, Chanakya died as a result of a conspiracy by Subandhu, one of Bindusara's ministers. Subandhu, who did not like Chanakya, told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the murder of his mother. Bindusara asked the nurses, who confirmed the story of his birth. Bindusara was horrified and enraged. When Chanakya, who was an old man by this time, learned that the King was angry with him, he decided to end his life. In accordance with the Jain tradition, he decided to starve himself to death. By this time, the king had found out the full story which was that Chanakya was not responsible for his mother's death, which was an accident. He asked Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his plan to kill himself. However, Subandhu instead conducted a ceremony for Chanakya only to burn him alive.[30]

Literary works

Two books are attributed to Chanakya: Arthashastra and Chanakya Niti, also known as Chanakya Neeti-shastra.[31]

The Arthashastra discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.[32] Some scholars believe that Arthashastra is actually a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, and Chanakya might have been one of these authors (see above).[18]

Chanakya Niti is a collection of aphorisms, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various shastras.[31]

Legacy

Arthashastra is serious manual on statecraft, on how to run a state, informed by a higher purpose, clear and precise in its prescriptions, the result of practical experience of running a state. It is not just a normative text but a realist description of the art of running a state.

Shiv Shankar Menon, National Security Advisor[33]

Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisaged the united India spanning the entire subcontinent. India's former National Security Advisor Shiv Shankar Menon praised Chanakya's Arthashastra for its clear and precise rules which apply even today. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.[33]

The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named Chanakyapuri in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include Training Ship Chanakya, Chanakya National Law University and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in Mysore has been named after him.

Plays

Several modern adaptations of the legend of Chanakya narrate his story in a semi-fictional form, extending these legends. In Chandragupta (1911), a play by Dwijendralal Ray, the Nanda king exiles his half-brother Chandragupta, who joins the army of Alexander the Great. Later, with help from Chanakya and Katyayan (the former Prime Minister of Magadha), Chandragupta defeats Nanda, who is put to death by Chanakya.[34]

Film and television

Books and academia

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 V. K. Subramanian (1980). Maxims of Chanakya: Kautilya. Abhinav Publications. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-8364-0616-0. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  2. 1 2 3 Jain 2008, p. 9.
  3. 1 2 Mabbett, I. W. (1964). "The Date of the Arthaśāstra". Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 84 (2): 162–169. doi:10.2307/597102. JSTOR 597102. ISSN 0003-0279.
  4. ↑ L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", International Journal of Social Economics 25 (2–4), p. 267–282.
  5. 1 2 Waldauer, C., Zahka, W.J. and Pal, S. 1996. Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: A neglected precursor to classical economics. Indian Economic Review, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pp. 101–108.
  6. ↑ Tisdell, C. 2003. A Western perspective of Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: does it provide a basis for economic science? Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18. Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.
  7. ↑ Sihag, B.S. 2007. Kauṭilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity. Humanomics 23 (1): 5–28.
  8. ↑ Renu Saran (13 February 2014). Chanakya. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-93-5083-482-4.
  9. 1 2 The Indian Encyclopaedia by Subodh Kapoor (2002). Cosmo Publications. Page 1372. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
  11. ↑ P. E. Granoff (1 January 1993). The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-81-208-1150-8. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  12. ↑ Trautmann, Thomas R. (1971). Kautilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 10.
  13. ↑ "Chanakya, The Legend". Chanakya National Law University. 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  14. ↑ "Sri Chanakya Niti-Sastra". philosophy.ru. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  15. ↑ Helmuth von Glasenapp (1 January 1999), Jainism, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 42, ISBN 978-81-208-1376-2, retrieved 21 May 2013
  16. ↑ Natubhai Shah (2004). Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  17. ↑ Padhy, K. S. (2011), Indian Political Thought, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., p. 33, ISBN 978-81-203-4305-4
  18. 1 2 Namita Sanjay Sugandhi (2008). Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan. ProQuest. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-549-74441-2. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  19. ↑ Trautmann 1971:5 "the very last verse of the work...is the unique instance of the personal name Vishnugupta rather than the gotra name Kautilya in the Arthashastra.
  20. ↑ Trautmann 1971:10 "while in his character as author of an Arthashastra he is generally referred to by his gotra name, Kautilya."
  21. ↑ Mabbett 1964: "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Vishnugupta, Chanakya and Kautilya. The same individual is meant in each case. The Panchatantra explicitly identifies Chanakya with Vishnugupta."
  22. ↑ Trautmann 1971:67 'T. Burrow ("Cāṇakya and Kauṭalya", Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 48–49 1968, p. 17 ff.) has now shown that Cāṇakya is also a gotra name, which in conjunction with other evidence makes it clear that we are dealing with two distinct persons, the minister Cāṇakya of legend and Kauṭilya the compiler of the Arthashastra. Furthermore, this throws the balance of evidence in favor of the view that the second name was originally spelt Kauṭalya, and that after the compiler of the Arth came to be identified with the Mauryan minister, it was altered to Kauṭilya (as it appears in Āryaśūra, Viśākhadatta and Bāna) for the sake of the pun. We must then assume that the later spelling subsequently replaced the earlier in the gotra lists and elsewhere.'
  23. ↑ Chanakya-Niti
  24. 1 2 Manohar Laxman Varadpande (2005). History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. pp. 227–230. ISBN 978-81-7017-430-1. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  25. ↑ Wilhelm Geiger (1908). The Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa and their historical development in Ceylon. H. C. Cottle, Government Printer, Ceylon. p. 40.
  26. ↑ Bibliotheca Indica, Volume 96, Issue 5. Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India). Baptist Mission Press, 1891.
  27. ↑ M. Srinivasachariar (1989). History of classical Sanskrit literature (3 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 550. ISBN 978-81-208-0284-1.
  28. ↑ Jainism in South India by P. M. Joseph. International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 1997. ISBN 978-81-85692-23-4.
  29. ↑ Journal of Indian History. University of Kerala. 1949. p. 211. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
  30. ↑ Nury Vittachi (2007). The Kama Sutra of Business: Management Principles From Indian Classics. Wiley India Pvt. Limited. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-265-1454-0. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  31. 1 2 Sri Chanakya Niti-shastra; the Political Ethics of Chanakya Pandit Hardcover. Translated by Miles Davis and V. Badarayana Murthy. Ram Kumar Press. 1981. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
  32. ↑ Paul Halsall. Indian History Sourcebook: Kautilya: from the Arthashastra c. 250 BC Retrieved 19 June 2012
  33. 1 2 "India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA". Economic Times (NEW DELHI). PTI. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  34. ↑ Ray, Dwijendralal (2006–07) [1969]. "Bhumika: Aitihasikata" [Preface: Historic References]. In Bandyopadhyay, Sukumar. Dwijendralaler Chandragupta [Chandragupta by Dwindralal] (in Bengali) (4th ed.). Kolkata: Modern Book Agency Pvt Ltd. pp. Preface–10–14. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ↑ Ratan Lal Basu & Rajkumar Sen: Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today, ISBN 81-316-0125-0, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 2008
  36. ↑ B. K. Chaturvedi (2001). Chanakya. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 978-81-7182-143-3. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  37. ↑ Raj Kumar Sen & Ratan Lal Basu (eds): Economics in Arthashastra, ISBN 81-7629-819-0, Deep& Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006
  38. ↑ Srinivasaraju, Sugata (27 July 2009). "Year of the Guru". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  39. ↑ The Courtesan and the Sadhu, A Novel about Maya, Dharma, and God, October 2008, Dharma Vision, ISBN 978-0-9818237-0-6, Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934274
  40. ↑ "Bharatiya Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu Part 1 – Shatavadhani Dr.R.Ganesh — Spiritual Bangalore". spiritualbangalore.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014.

Sources

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