Kazakhs in China
| |||
| Total population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| (1,462,588) | |||
| Regions with significant populations | |||
| Xinjiang (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County, Mori Kazakh Autonomous County) | |||
| Languages | |||
| Kazakh, Chinese | |||
| Religion | |||
| Sunni Islam[1] · | |||
| Related ethnic groups | |||
| Kazakhs, Turkic peoples | |||
Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese (哈萨克族; literally "Kazakh ethnic group") are among 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. During the fall of the Dzungar Khanate, the Manchus massacred the native Dzungar Oirat Buddhists of Dzungaria in the Dzungar genocide and filled in the depopulated area with immigrants from many parts of their empire. Kazakhs from the Kazakh Khanates were among the peoples who moved into the depopulated Dzungaria. In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In China there is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, three Kazakh autonomous counties, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Many Kazakhs in China are not fluent in Standard Chinese, instead speaking the Kazakh language.
Kazakh exodus
In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left.[2][3][4]
From Northern Xinjiang over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating the Kazakhs into designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other.[5]
Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai.
In northern Tibet Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers and then the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.[5]
Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 400 miles east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.[6][7]
In 1934, 1935, 1936-1938 from Qumil Eliqsan led the Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu and the amount was estimated at 18,000, and they entered Gansu and Qinghai.[8]
Tibetan troops serving under the Dalai Lama murdered the American CIA agent Douglas Mackiernan and his two White Russian helpers because he was dressed as a Kazakh, their enemy.
Distribution
By county
- County-level distribution of the Kazakh
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county population.)
| Сounty/Сity | % Kazakh | Kazakh pop | Total pop |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region | 6.74 | 1,245,023 | 18,459,511 |
| Akesai Kazak autonomous county | 30.5 | 2,712 | 8,891 |
| Ürümqi city | 2.34 | 48,772 | 2,081,834 |
| Tianshan district | 1.77 | 8,354 | 471,432 |
| Shayibake district | 1.27 | 6,135 | 482,235 |
| Xinshi district | 1.06 | 4,005 | 379,220 |
| Dongshan district | 1.96 | 1,979 | 100,796 |
| Urumchi county | 8.00 | 26,278 | 328,536 |
| Kelamayi city | 3.67 | 9,919 | 270,232 |
| Dushanzi district | 4.24 | 2,150 | 50,732 |
| Kelamayi district | 3.49 | 5,079 | 145,452 |
| Baijiantan district | 3.35 | 2,151 | 64,297 |
| Wuerhe district | 5.53 | 539 | 9,751 |
| Hami prefecture | 8.76 | 43,104 | 492,096 |
| Hami city | 2.71 | 10,546 | 388,714 |
| Balikun Kazak autonomous county | 34.01 | 29,236 | 85,964 |
| Yiwu county | 19.07 | 3,322 | 17,418 |
| Changji Hui autonomous prefecture | 7.98 | 119,942 | 1,503,097 |
| Changji city | 4.37 | 16,919 | 387,169 |
| Fukang city | 7.83 | 11,984 | 152,965 |
| Miquan city | 1.94 | 3,515 | 180,952 |
| Hutubi county | 10.03 | 21,118 | 210,643 |
| Manasi county | 9.62 | 16,410 | 170,533 |
| Qitai county | 10.07 | 20,629 | 204,796 |
| Jimusaer county | 8.06 | 9,501 | 117,867 |
| Mulei Kazak autonomous county | 25.41 | 19,866 | 78,172 |
| Boertala Mongolian autonomous prefecture | 9.14 | 38,744 | 424,040 |
| Bole city | 7.10 | 15,955 | 224,869 |
| Jinghe county | 8.27 | 11,048 | 133,530 |
| Wenquan county | 17.89 | 11,741 | 65,641 |
| Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture | 1.78 | 5,077 | 285,299 |
| Kuitun city | 1.78 | 5,077 | 285,299 |
| Yili prefecture | 22.55 | 469,634 | 2,082,577 |
| Yi'ning city | 4.81 | 17,205 | 357,519 |
| Yi'ning county | 10.30 | 39,745 | 385,829 |
| Chabuchaer Xibo autonomous county | 20.00 | 32,363 | 161,834 |
| Huocheng county | 7.96 | 26,519 | 333,013 |
| Gongliu county | 29.69 | 45,450 | 153,100 |
| Xinyuan county | 43.43 | 117,195 | 269842 |
| Zhaosu county | 48.43 | 70,242 | 145,027 |
| Tekesi county | 42.25 | 56,571 | 133,900 |
| Nileke county | 45.15 | 64,344 | 142,513 |
| Tacheng prefecture | 24.21 | 216,020 | 892,397 |
| Tacheng city | 15.51 | 23,144 | 149,210 |
| Wusu city | 9.93 | 18,907 | 190,359 |
| Emin county | 33.42 | 59,586 | 178,309 |
| Shawan county | 16.23 | 30,621 | 188,715 |
| Tuoli county | 68.98 | 55,102 | 79,882 |
| Yumin county | 32.42 | 15,609 | 48,147 |
| Hebukesaier Mongolian autonomous county | 22.59 | 13,051 | 57,775 |
| Aletai prefecture | 51.38 | 288,612 | 561,667 |
| Aletai city | 36.80 | 65,693 | 178,510 |
| Buerjin county | 57.31 | 35,324 | 61,633 |
| Fuyun county | 69.68 | 56,433 | 80,986 |
| Fuhai county | 31.86 | 24,793 | 77,830 |
| Habahe county | 59.79 | 43,889 | 73,403 |
| Qinghe county | 75.61 | 40,709 | 53,843 |
| Jimunai county | 61.39 | 21,771 | 35,462 |
Famous Chinese Kazakhs
- Osman Batur, Kazakh chieftain who fought both for and against the Nationalist Chinese government in the 1940s and early 1950s.
- Mamuer Rayeskan, a young Kazakh musician from Qitai, Xinjiang now living in Beijing, who achieved some renown for his reworking of Kazakh folk songs with his group IZ, with which he sings and plays acoustic guitar, dombra, and jaw harp. "In that place wholly faraway", based on a Kazakh folk song, is very popular outside the Kazakh regions, especially in the Far Eastern countries of China, Japan and Korea.
- Dalelkhan Sugirbayev, Kazakh chieftain who fought against the Nationalist Chinese government and sought to join the Chinese Communists in 1949.
- Jumabieke Tuerxun, mixed martial arts fighter. He currently fights as a Bantamweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ "The Kazakh Ethnic Group", China.org.cn, 2005-06-21, retrieved 2009-02-06
- ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volumes 276–278. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ↑ American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277. American Academy of Political and Social Science. p. 152. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.
- 1 2 Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49. UBC Press. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-7748-5988-2.
- ↑ Blackwood's Magazine. William Blackwood. 1948. p. 407.
- ↑ http://www.academia.edu/4534001/STUDIES_IN_THE_POLITICS_HISTORY_AND_CULTURE_OF_TURKIC_PEOPLES page 192
- ↑ Linda Benson (1988). The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae. p. 195. ISBN 978-91-554-2255-4.
- ↑ "Jumabieke Tuerxun: From The Rural Edges of China to the UFC". Fightland. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
External links
| ||||||||||