Kermit (protocol)

Kermit
Communications protocol
Purpose file transfer protocol
Developer(s) Columbia University
Introduced 1981 (1981)

Kermit is a computer file transfer/management protocol and a set of communications software tools primarily used in the early years of personal computing in the 1980s; it provides a consistent approach to file transfer, terminal emulation, script programming, and character set conversion across many different computer hardware and OS platforms.

Technical

The Kermit protocol supports text and binary file transfers on both full-duplex and half-duplex 8 bit and 7-bit serial connections in a system- and medium-independent fashion, and is implemented on hundreds of different computer and operating system platforms. On full-duplex connections, a Sliding Window Protocol is used with selective retransmission which provides excellent performance and error recovery characteristics. On 7-bit connections, locking shifts provide efficient transfer of 8-bit data. When properly implemented, as in the Columbia University Kermit Software collection, its authors claim performance is equal to or better than other protocols such as ZMODEM, YMODEM, and XMODEM, especially on poor connections.[1] On connections over RS-232 Statistical Multiplexers where some control characters cannot be transmitted, Kermit can be configured to work, unlike protocols like XMODEM that require the connection to be transparent (i.e. all 256 possible values of a byte to be transferable).

Kermit can be used as a means to boot other software, even itself. To distribute Kermit through non 8-bit clean networks Columbia developed .boo, a binary-to-text encoding system similar to BinHex. After a mainframe computer received MS-DOS Kermit in .boo format, users could type in a "baby Kermit" in BASIC on their personal computers that would download Kermit and convert it into binary.[2][3] Similarly, CP/M machines used many different floppy disk formats, which meant that one machine could not normally read disks from another CP/M machine, and Kermit was used as part of a process to enable the transfer of applications and data between CP/M machines and other machines with different operating systems. The CP/M file-copy program PIP could usually access a computer's serial (RS-232) port, and if configured to use a very low baud rate (because it had no built-in error correction) could be used to transfer a small simple version of Kermit from one machine to another over a null modem cable, or failing that, a very simple version of the Kermit protocol could be hand coded in binary in less than 2K using DDT, the CP/M Dynamic Debugging Tool. Once that was done the simple version of Kermit could be used to download a fully functional version. That version could then be used to transfer any CP/M application or data.[4]

History

In the late 1970s, users of Columbia's mainframe computers had only 35K of storage per person. Kermit was developed at the university—the first file transfer with it occurred in April 1981—so students could move files between them and floppy disks at various microcomputers around campus,[5][6][7] such as IBM or DEC DECSYSTEM-20 mainframes and Intertec Superbrains running CP/M. IBM mainframes used an EBCDIC character set and CP/M and DEC machines used ASCII, so conversion between the two character sets was one of the early functions built into Kermit.

Columbia coordinated development of versions of Kermit for many different computers at the university and elsewhere, and distributed the software for free; Kermit for the new IBM PC became especially popular. In 1986 the university founded the Kermit Project, which took over development and started charging fees for commercial use; the project was financially self-sufficient.[7] For non-commercial use, Columbia stated that[8]

Kermit is for everyone to use and share. Once you get it, feel free to pass it along to your friends and colleagues. Although it is copyrighted and not in the public domain, we only ask that you not attempt to sell it for profit, and that you use it only for peaceful and humane purposes.

By 1988 Kermit was available on more than 300 computers and operating systems.[9] The protocol became a de facto data communications standard[10] for transferring files between dissimilar computer systems, and by the early 1990s it could convert multilingual character encodings. Kermit software has been used in many countries, for tasks ranging from simple student assignments to solving compatibility problems aboard the International Space Station.[7] It was ported to a wide variety of mainframe, minicomputer and microcomputer systems down to handhelds and electronic pocket calculators. Most versions had a user interface based on the original TOPS-20 Kermit. Later versions of some Kermit implementations also support network as well as serial connections.

Implementations that are presently supported include C-Kermit (for Unix and OpenVMS) and Kermit 95 (for versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 onwards and OS/2), but other versions remain available as well. As of 1 July 2011, Columbia ceased to host this project and released it to open source. In June 2011, the Kermit Project released a beta version of C-Kermit v9.0 under an Open Source Revised 3-Clause BSD License.[11]

Naming and copyright

Kermit was named after Kermit the Frog from The Muppets.[12] The program's icon in the Apple Macintosh version was a depiction of Kermit the Frog. A backronym was nevertheless created, perhaps to avoid trademark issues, KL10 Error-Free Reciprocal Microprocessor Interchange over TTY lines.

Kermit is an open protocol—anybody can base their own program on it, but some Kermit software and source code is copyright by Columbia University.[13][14] As of version 9.0 (starting with the first test release after Alpha.09), C-Kermit has an Open Source license, the Revised 3-Clause BSD License. Everybody can use it as they wish for any purpose, including redistribution and resale. It may be included with any operating system where it works or can be made to work, including both free and commercial versions of Unix and Hewlett-Packard (formerly DEC) VMS (OpenVMS). Technical support was available from Columbia University through 30 June 2011.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Some of the sentences in the Technical section are based on text copied, on 30 October 2004, from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.
  2. ↑ da Cruz, Frank (1986-03-20). "Re: Printable Encodings for Binary Files". Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list) (Kermit Project, Columbia University). Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Fuller, Bill; da Cruz, Frank (1989-10-11). "Kermit Bootstrapping". Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list) (Kermit Project, Columbia University). Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  4. ↑ Gianone, C. (23 April 1991). "CP/M-80 KERMIT VERSION 4.11 USER GUIDE". New York, New York 10027: Columbia University Center for Computing Activities. See "Figure 1-1: Bootstrap program for Kermit-80 and CP/M Version 2.2"
  5. ↑ da Cruz, Frank; Catchings, Bill (June 1984). "Kermit: A File-Transfer Protocol for Universities / Part 1: Design Considerations and Specifications". BYTE. p. 251. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  6. ↑ da Cruz, Frank; Catchings, Bill (July 1984). "Kermit: A File-Transfer Protocol for Universities / Part 2: States and Transitions, Heuristic Rules, and Examples". BYTE. p. 141. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 International Space Station Incorporates Kermit (December 2003)
  8. ↑ Doupnik, Joe; da Cruz, Frank (1988-01-11). "Announcing MS-DOS Kermit 2.30". Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list) (Kermit Project, Columbia University). Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  9. ↑ da Cruz, Frank (1988-07-29). "Kermits Needed". Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list) (Kermit Project, Columbia University). Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Good, Robin (23 December 2003). "Standards: Do We Really Need Them?". www.masternewmedia.org. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  11. ↑ "C-Kermit 9.0 Beta Test". Columbia University's Kermit Project. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  12. ↑ "Kermit - What is it?" The Kermit Project. 26 October 2006. Columbia University. 11 July 2007 http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/kermit.html.
  13. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". The Kermit Project. Columbia University. 11 July 2007 http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/faq.html#license.
  14. ↑ The preceding sentence is based on text copied, on 30 October 2004, from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.
  15. ↑ "LICENSING". The Kermit Project. Columbia University. 7 April 2011 http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ck80.html#license.

External links

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