Khuda
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Khuda, Khoda (Persian: خدا, Kurdish: Xweda, Xuda) is the Iranian word for "Lord" or "God". Originally, it was used in reference to Ahura Mazda (the god of Zoroastrianism). Today, it is used for God in Islam by only speakers of Iranian, Kurdish, Kashmiri and Afghan languages and as a loanword in Bengali, Urdu, Sindhi, Hindi and several South Asian languages.
Etymology
The term derives from Middle Iranian terms xvatay, xwadag meaning "lord", "ruler", "master", appearing in written form in Parthian kwdy, in Middle Persian kwdy, and in Sogdian kwdy. In Kurdish the word khu or xwe means myself and xweda or khuda means "created himself", which is also a name of god (Yazad) in Zoroastrianism. Yazad is derived from Ez, Yez which means "me" and ad or da meaning "create", as both words are common in Kurdish dialects and other Northwest Iranian languages including Parthian languages. It is the Middle Persian reflex of older Iranian forms such as Avestan xva-dhata- "self-defined; autocrat", an epithet of Ahura Mazda. The Pashto term Xwdāi (خدای) is an Eastern Iranian cognate.
Prosaic usage is found for example in the Sassanid title katak-xvatay to denote the head of a clan or extended household or in the title of the 6th century Khwaday-Namag "Book of Lords", from which the tales of Kayanian dynasty as found in the Shahnameh derive.
Zoroastrianism
Semi-religious usage appears, for example, in the epithet zaman-i derang xvatay "time of the long dominion", as found in the Menog-i Khrad. The fourth and eighty-sixth entry of the Pazend prayer titled 101 Names of God, Harvesp-Khoda "Lord of All" and Khudawand "Lord of the Universe", respectively, are compounds involving Khuda.[1] Application of khuda as "the Lord" (Ahura Mazda) is represented in the first entry in the medieval Frahang-i Pahlavig.
Islamic usage
In Islamic times, the term came to be used for God in Islam, paralleling the Arabic name of God Al-Malik "Owner, King, Lord, Master".
The phrase Khuda Hafiz (meaning May God be your Guardian) is a parting phrase commonly used in Persian, Kurdish and Pashto, as well as in Urdu among South Asian Muslims.
It also exists as a loanword, used for God by Muslims in Bengali, Urdu, although the Arabic word Allah is becoming more common.[2]
See also
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Look up خدا in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
References
- ↑ Edalji Kersâspji Antiâ, Pazend texts, Bombay 1909, pp. 335-337.
- ↑ The Milli Gazette, OPI, Pharos Media (2004-03-15). "Khuda Hafiz versus Allah Hafiz: a critique, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.05, MG99 (1-15 Mar 04)". Milligazette.com. Retrieved 2012-05-25.