Kilo-

Kilo (from the Greek χίλιοι, literally a thousand) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting multiplication by one thousand (10³). It has been used in the International System of Units where it has the unit symbol k, in lower case.

The prefix kilo is derived from the Greek word χίλιοι (chilioi), meaning "thousand". It was originally adopted by Antoine Lavoisier's research group in 1795, and introduced into the metric system in France with its establishment in 1799. Based on a proposal by Thomas Young, the prefix was often alternatively spelled chilio- in early 19th century sources.^[1][2][3]

Examples:

• one kilogram is 1000 grams
• one kilometre is 1000 metres
• one kilojoule is 1000 joules
• one kilobaud is 1000 bauds
• one kilohertz is 1000 hertz
• one kilobit is 1000 bits
• one kilobyte (kB) is 1000 bytes (see exception below for KB)

A second definition has been in common use in some fields of computer science and information technology, which is, however, inconsistent with the SI definition. It uses kilo as meaning 2¹⁰ = 1024, because of the mathematical coincidence that 2¹⁰ is approximately 10³. The reason for this application is that binary values natively used in computing are base 2 and not the base 10 which is used for the SI prefixes. The NIST comments on this confusion: "Faced with this reality, the IEEE Standards Board decided that IEEE standards will use the conventional, internationally adopted, definitions of the SI prefixes", instead of kilo for 1024.^[4]

Example:

• One "kilobyte" (kB) is 1024 bytes in JEDEC-standard, whereas the definition has shifted to, in most contexts, mean 1000 bytes (kB) in accordance with SI.

To address this confusion, a new set of binary prefixes have been introduced which are based on powers of 2. In that system, 1024 bytes are called a kibibyte or 1 KiB.

Exponentiation

When units occur in exponentiation, such as in square and cubic forms, any multiplier prefix is considered part of the unit, and thus included in the exponentiation.

• 1 km² means one square kilometre or the area of a square that measures 1000 m on each side or 10⁶ m² (as opposed to 1000 square meters, which is the area of a square that measures 31.6 m on each side).
• 1 km³ means one cubic kilometre or the volume of a cube that measures 1000 m on each side or 10⁹ m³ (as opposed to 1000 cubic meters, which is the volume of a cube that measures 10 m on each side).

See also

• milli- (inverse of kilo- prefix, denoting a factor of 1/1000)
• kibi- (binary prefix, denoting a factor of 1024)

References

1. Brewster, David (1830). The Edinburgh Encyclopædia 12. Edinburgh, UK: William Blackwood, John Waugh, John Murray, Baldwin & Cradock, J. M. Richardson. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
2. Brewster, David (1832). The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia 12 (1st American ed.). Joseph and Edward Parker. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
3. Dingler, Johann Gottfried (1823). Polytechnisches Journal (in German) 11. Stuttgart, Germany: J.W. Gotta'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
4. Definition of binary prefixes at NIST

SI prefixes

Prefix 1000^m 10^n Decimal English word Adoption[nb 1] Name Symbol Short scale Long scale yotta Y  1000^8  10^24 1000000000000000000000000  septillion  quadrillion 1991 zetta Z  1000^7  10^21 1000000000000000000000  sextillion  thousand trillion or trilliard 1991 exa E  1000^6  10^18 1000000000000000000  quintillion  trillion 1975 peta P  1000^5  10^15 1000000000000000  quadrillion  thousand billion or billiard 1975 tera T  1000^4  10^12 1000000000000  trillion  billion 1960 giga G  1000^3  10^9 1000000000  billion  thousand million or milliard 1960 mega M  1000^2  10^6 1000000             million 1960 (1873) kilo k  1000^1  10^3 1000             thousand 1960 (1795) hecto h  1000^2/3  10^2 100             hundred 1960 (1795) deca da  1000^1/3  10^1 10             ten 1960 (1795)  1000^0  10^0 1             one – deci d  1000^−1/3  10^−1 0.1             tenth 1960 (1795) centi c  1000^−2/3   10^−2 0.01             hundredth 1960 (1795) milli m  1000^−1  10^−3 0.001             thousandth 1960 (1795) micro μ  1000^−2  10^−6 0.000001             millionth 1960 (1873) nano n  1000^−3  10^−9 0.000000001  billionth  thousand millionth 1960 pico p  1000^−4  10^−12 0.000000000001  trillionth  billionth 1960 femto f  1000^−5  10^−15 0.000000000000001  quadrillionth  thousand billionth 1964 atto a  1000^−6  10^−18 0.000000000000000001  quintillionth  trillionth 1964 zepto z  1000^−7  10^−21 0.000000000000000000001  sextillionth  thousand trillionth 1991 yocto y  1000^−8  10^−24  0.000000000000000000000001  septillionth  quadrillionth  1991

1. The metric system was introduced in 1795 with several metric prefixes, of which, however, only six were adopted as SI prefixes by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960, whereas myria (10⁴) as well as double and demi were not adopted. In 1873, micro and mega were recommended by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The other dates relate to recognition by a resolution of the CGPM.