Kim dynasty (North Korea)

This article is about rulers of North Korea since 1948. For rulers of Silla, see Kim (Korean name)#Gyeongju.
North Koreans bowing to statues of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il at the Mansu Hill Grand Monument in Pyongyang.

The Kim dynasty is a three-generation lineage of North Korean leadership descending from the country's first leader, Kim Il-sung, in 1948. Kim came to rule the North after the end of Japanese control in 1945 split the region. He began the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the peninsula. Kim developed a cult of personality closely tied to their state philosophy of Juche, which was passed on to his successors: his son Kim Jong-il and grandson Kim Jong-un.

Overview

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Unlike governance in all other Communist countries, North Korea's governance is comparable to a royal family.[1] The Kim dynasty has ruled North Korea since 1948[2] for three generations,[3] and still little about the family is publicly confirmed.[4] Kim Il-sung rebelled against Korea's Japanese rule in the 1930s, which led to his involvement and training in the Soviet Union. Korea was left divided after Japan's post-World War II withdrawal in 1945, and Kim came to lead the Soviet-backed North's provisional government, eventually becoming the first premier of its new government, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (commonly known as North Korea), in 1948. He started the Korean War in 1950 with hopes to reunify the region.[5]

Kim developed a personality cult that contributed to his uncontested 46-year rule[5] and extended to his family, including his mother Kang Pan-sok (known as the "mother of Korea"), his brother ("the revolutionary fighter") and his first wife (the "mother of the revolution").[1] The strong and absolute leadership of a solitary great leader, known as the Suryong, is central to the North Korean ideology of Juche.[6] Four years after Kim Il-sung's 1994 death, a constitutional change wrote the presidency out of the constitution and named him as Eternal President of the Republic in order to honor his memory forever.[5] Kim Il-sung was known as the Great Leader,[7] and his eldest son and successor, Kim Jong-il,[5] became known as the Dear Leader[7] and later the Great General.[8]

Kim Jong-il was appointed to the party's Politburo (and its Presidium), Secretariat and the Central Military Commission at the 6th Congress in 1980,[9] which formalized his role as heir apparent.[5] He led their military beginning in 1990,[10] and had a 14-year grooming period before he became North Korea's ruler.[1] Kim had a sister, Kim Kyung-hee, who was North Korea's first female four-star general and married to Jang Sung-taek, who was the second most powerful person in North Korea before his December 2013 execution for corruption.[11] Kim had four partners,[11] and at least five children with three of them.[12] His third son, Kim Jong-un, succeeded him.[11] Scholar Virginie Grzelczyk wrote that the Kim Dynasty represented "one of the last bastions of totalitarianism as well as perhaps 'the first Communist Dynasty'".[13]

The North Korean government denies that there is a personality cult surrounding the Kims. Rather, it claims that the people's devotion to the Kims is a manifestation of genuine hero worship.[14]

Family tree

Ancestry

Kim Il-sung was born in Mangyongdae-guyok to Methodist parents.[15] His father Kim Hyong-jik was 15 when he married Kang Pan-sok two years his elder.[16] Kim Hyong-jik had attended a school founded by Protestant missionaries, which influenced his own family. Kim Hyong-jik became a father at the age of 17, and left school to work as a teacher in a nearby school he once attended. He later practiced Chinese herbal medicine as a doctor. Kim Hyong-jik protested against Japanese rule, and was arrested several times for his activism. He was a founding member of the Korean National Association in 1917, participated in the 1919 March 1st Movement, and fled Korea for Manchuria with his wife and young Kim Il-sung in 1920. There is a teacher's college named for him in Pyongyang.[15]

Kim Hyong-jik's own parents, Kim Bo-hyon and Li Bo Ik,[15] were likened as "patriots" by the Editorial Committee for the Short Biography of Kim Il-sung.[17]

Kim Il-sung

Main article: Kim Il-sung

Kim Il-sung had two wives and six children. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk, bore Kim Jong-il, Kim Man-il, and Kim Kyong-hui before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter. Kim Il-sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song-ae: Kim Kyong-il (born 1951), Kim Pyong-il (born 1953), and Kim Yong-il (born 1955).[18]

When Kim Il-sung's first wife died, Kim Song-ae was not recognized as Kim Il-sung's wife for several years. Neither partnerships had public weddings.[19]

Kim Kyong-hui became North Korea's first female four star general. Her husband Jang Sung-taek was the second most powerful person in Korea before his December 2013 execution for corruption.[11] Their 29-year-old daughter overdosed on sleeping pills in 2006 while in Paris.[20] It has also reported that Kim Young Il, who was dispatched to serve in Germany, died from cirrhosis of the liver in 2000.[21]

Kim Jong-il

Main article: Kim Jong-il

Kim Jong-il had four partners,[11] and at least five children with three of them.[12] He fathered Kim Jong-nam in 1971 with film star Song Hye-rim, and Kim Sul-song in 1974 with his first wife, Kim Young-suk. His second mistress, Ko Yong-hui, was the "de facto First Lady of North Korea". She was born in Japan to Korean parents. Their three children are Kim Jong-chul (born 1981), Kim Jong-un (born 1983), and Kim Yo-jong (born 1987).[18] He did not have children with his fourth partner, Kim Ok.[11]

Kim Jong-un's two older brothers were considered "black sheep" of the family.[20] Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-il's eldest son, fell out of favor when caught in a plot to visit Tokyo Disneyland in 2001.[11][20] He has a reputation as a troublemaker within the family,[4] and publicly stated in 2011 that North Korea should transition out of his family's dynasty.[20] He now lives in China.[20] The middle son, Kim Jong-chul, was reportedly not considered in succession considerations due to his unmasculine characteristics.[20] He is also known to be reserved.[4]

Kim Jong-un

Main article: Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un became North Korea on December 29, 2011.[18] He married Ri Sol-ju around 2009, and reportedly had Kim Ju-ae in 2012.[11] Kim made an effort to distinguish himself from the reputations of his father and brothers, and developed an academic, feminine, and introverted demeanor.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Next of Kim". The Economist. The Economist Group. September 23, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Kim tells N Korean army to ready for combat". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. December 25, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  3. ↑ Mullen, Jethro (September 9, 2013). "Dennis Rodman tells of Korea basketball event, may have leaked Kim child's name". CNN. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Milevsky, Avidan (April 12, 2013). "Dynamics in the Kim Jong Family and North Korea's Erratic Behavior". The Huffington Post. AOL. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Kim Il-Sung (president of North Korea)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  6. ↑ Lee 2004, p. 1–7.
  7. 1 2 Sang-hun, Choe (October 25, 2013). "Following Dear Leader, Kim Jong-un Gets Title From University: Dr. Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  8. ↑ Behnke, Alison (2008) Kim Jong Il's North Korea
  9. ↑ Kim 1982, p. 142.
  10. ↑ "Kim Jong Il (North Korean political leader)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "North Korea's secretive 'first family'". BBC News Asia. BBC. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Sang-hun, Choe; Fackler, Martin (June 14, 2009). "North Korea’s Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  13. ↑ Grzelczyk 2012, p. 37.
  14. ↑ Jason LaBouyer "When friends become enemies — Understanding left-wing hostility to the DPRK" Lodestar. May/June 2005: pp. 7–9. Korea-DPR.com. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  15. 1 2 3 Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. Anthem Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7.
  16. ↑ Martin 2007, p. 14.
  17. ↑ Editorial Committee for the Short Biography of Kim Il Sung; Chʻulpʻansa, Oegungmun (1973). Kim Il Sung: short biography. Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 1.
  18. 1 2 3 "The Kim Family Tree". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  19. ↑ Martin 2007, p. 187.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shenon, Philip (December 19, 2011). "Inside North Korea's First Family: Rivals to Kim Jong-un’s Power". The Daily Beast. The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  21. ↑ "The Life and Execution of Kim Hyun". Daily NK. 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
Sources
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