Rolf Gardiner

Rolf Gardiner at his wedding to Marabel Hodgkin in 1932. The North Skelton sword dance group form the guard of honour.

Henry Rolf Gardiner (5 November 1902 – 1971) was an English rural revivalist, helping to bring back folk dance styles including Morris dancing and sword dancing. He founded groups significant in the British history of organic farming. He was said to have sympathised with Nazism and participated in inter-war far right politics, but this was speculation based on his approval of the German Youth Movement's aims of involving townspeople in country community life, such as helping with the harvest. He organised summer camps with music, dance and community aims across class and cultures. His forestry methods were far ahead of their time and he was a founder member of The Soil Association.

Early life

He was born in Fulham, London and brought up when young mostly in Berlin. He was educated at West Downs school from 1913,[1] Rugby School, and then at Bedales School.[2][3] He was a student at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the Kibbo Kift youth group.[4]

Initially he was a youth leader, involved in exchanges with Germany.[5] He was heavily influenced in the 1920s by D. H. Lawrence;[6] he visited Lawrence in Switzerland in 1928, and has been called his first genuine "disciple".[7]

At this period he was also much concerned with English folk dance, and convinced morris dance revivalist Mary Neal that morris was an essentially masculine form.[8][9] He founded the Travelling Morrice in 1924, with Arthur Heffer, having taken a team of English dancers to Germany in 1922, and in 1923 met a few of the surviving dancers while walking in the Cotswolds with the poet Christopher Scaife.[10][11][12][13] Gardiner was not, however, a founder of the Morris Ring, set up in 1934.[14]

Land owner

He took over Gore Farm in Dorset, bought by Henry Balfour Gardiner in 1924, from 1927, and continued what became a large-scale forestation project, based on training he had received at Dartington Hall, with conifers and beech trees.[15] Here he set up a support group, the Gore Kinship.[16]

He married Marabel Hodgkin in 1932; she was the daughter of the Irish fabric designer Florence Hodgkin.[17][18] In 1933 he and Marabel bought the estate at Springhead, near Fontmell Magna, Dorset.[19] They developed the Springhead Ring as a music, theatre and crafts network, as well as farming the estate and developing forestry operations.[19] It also hosted much musical activity.[20] The rural writer John Stewart Collis spent a year after the Second World War working for Gardiner, thinning a 14 acre ash wood on the estate; this formed the material for his 1947 book Down to Earth.[21] He was a founder member of The Soil Association and applied organic principles to both farm and forest. The family owned tea-growing estates in Nyasaland (now in Thyolo District, Malawi), known as the Nchima Tea and Tung Estate, of which Gardiner became chairman.[22] Gardiner was active in the 1950s in dealing with colonial officials, with a view to conserving the underlying land.[23] He had written about erosion in Nyasaland and Uganda already in the 1930s, in the New English Weekly.[24] The Estate became the Springhead Trust in 1962.[25]

Politics of the far right

He was editor of the magazine Youth from 1923, when still a student. It had been founded in 1920, and at that point was left-leaning and supported guild socialism. In Gardiner's time it became internationally oriented and Germanophile, and his own political interests turned to Social Credit.[26] He also published articles by John Hargrave with whom he had associated in the Kibbo Kift.[27] After its split from the Woodcraft Folk, Kibbo Kift was in transition, en route for the Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ("Green Shirts").

It has been suggested that Gardiner moved from the ideas of guild socialism and social credit, current in the circle of A. R. Orage, towards a search for a masculine brotherhood, through his involvement in the "folk revival".[28] His views of folk music and dance have been called "fundamentalist".[29] In any case he took up with and formed small groups, rather than political organisations. He expressly rejected overtures made to him by members of Mosley's party, which at the time was gaining ground in rural areas in response to the effects of the depression and tithe collection on farming.

Gardiner later broke with Hargrave, of whom Lawrence disapproved.[30] In 1929 Gardiner was writing with approval in the Times Literary Supplement of the Jugendbewegung (German Youth Movement) and its anti-scientific outlook.[31] He debated the German Youth Movement in 1934 with Leslie Paul, in the pages of The Adelphi.[32]

In a series of publications from 1928 he articulated racial theories (Baltic peoples versus Mediterranean peoples) and the need for national reversals of "impoverishment" of the stock.[33] It has been said that he was an "ecocentric" looking for a united and pagan England and Germany, and a supporter of Nazi pro-ruralist policies.[34] He reportedly expressed anti-Semitic views from 1933, writing first in German.[35] However, as his mother was half Austrian Jewish, this is unlikely, and in the late thirties he specifically repudiated this. His thinking moved from a belief in the honest value of work, to connection and belonging, and ultimately to a vision of the interplay between the health of soil, animals, crops and people.[36]

He was a member of the English Mistery, and then of the English Array, formed in 1936. Writing in the Array's Quarterly Gazette, Gardiner was an apologist for German "leadership" in Central Europe, dictatorships, and "racial regeneration".[37] He later wrote for the periodical New Pioneer set up in December 1938 by Lord Lymington and John Beckett, as a pro-German and anti-Semitic organ.[38]

After World War II, he kept in touch with Richard Walther Darré, an SS man and NSDAP food and agriculture minister of the Nazi era, who had been one of the chief proponents of the links between a people and the land.[39]

Kinship in Husbandry

In 1941 he formed with H. J. Massingham and Gerald Wallop, Lord Lymington the Kinship in Husbandry, a group of a dozen men with an interest in rural revival. It was a precursor organisation of the Soil Association, which was set up in 1946.[40][41] Original members were: Adrian Bell, Edmund Blunden, Arthur Bryant, J. E. Hosking, Douglas Kennedy, Philip Mairet, Lord Northbourne, Robert Payne and C. Henry Warren.[42][43] The group first met in Edmund Blunden's rooms at Merton College, Oxford, in September 1941.[44] They drew ideas from agricultural experts: Albert Howard, Robert McCarrison, George Stapledon and G. T. Wrench.[24]:3 Other members included Laurence Easterbrook[24] and Jorian Jenks.[45][46] In official eyes, this grouping or think-tank was treated with less suspicion than its correlated far-right political organisations. It had some effect on agricultural policy, particularly in relation to self-sufficiency.[47] It also had an impact on the thinking of the Rural Reconstruction Association founded in 1935 by Montague Fordham, and the Biodynamic Association.[44]

Nudism

Gardiner published in his maiden issue of Youth in June 1923, a first-hand account of The Cult of Nakedness in Germany by Harold Barlow. It was one of the earliest attempts to introduce German German: Nacktkultur to a general British readership.[48]

Works

Family

His father was Alan Henderson Gardiner, the Egyptologist. His mother Hedwig, née von Rosen,[2] was Austrian, though with a Jewish father and Swedish-Finnish mother. Margaret Gardiner, mother of Martin Bernal, was his sister.[49] The composer Henry Balfour Gardiner was his uncle (the folk-song collector George Barnet Gardiner, with whom Balfour Gardiner worked, was however not a relation).[50] The conductor John Eliot Gardiner is his son.[51] The artist Howard Hodgkin is another grandson of Florence Hodgkin.[52]

References

  1. ↑ "Old West Downs Society – ex-Pupils by Year". Westdowns.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Newsletter 20 (June 2000)". Audensociety.org. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  3. ↑ "Organic Nationalism". Utopia-britannica.org.uk. 3 December 1926. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  4. ↑ Julie V. Gottlieb, Thomas P. Linehan, The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain (2004), p. 192.
  5. ↑ R. Moore-Colyer, A Northern Federation? Henry Rolf Gardiner and British and European Youth, Paedagogica Historica, Volume 39, Number 3, January 2003 , pp. 306–324.
  6. ↑ "DH Lawrence resources – The University of Nottingham". Nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  7. ↑ David Ellis, D. H. Lawrence, Dying Game, 1922–1930: The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence (2004), p. 397.
  8. ↑ "England, whose England?". Mustrad.org.uk. 1 April 2000. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  9. ↑ "Who Were the Kibbo Kift". Kibbokift.org. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  10. ↑ "Morris Ring: Information from". Answers.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "Cmm History". Homepage.ntlworld.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "sidmouth94lect". Opread.force9.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  14. ↑ "??". The Times. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  15. ↑ "Fontmell Down". Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  16. ↑ Patrick Wright, The Village that Died for England (2002 edition), pp. 181–2.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑
  19. 1 2 "History". Springhead Trust. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  20. ↑ "fontmell". Southernlife.org.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  21. ↑ Collis, John Stewart (book); Macfarlane, Robert (introduction) (2009). "Introduction". The Worm Forgives the Plough. Random House, Vintage imprint. pp. xii, xvi.
  22. ↑ "NYASALAND (ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) (Hansard, 15 April 1954)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 15 April 1954. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  23. ↑ Colin Baker, Seeds of Trouble: Government Policy and Land Rights in Nyasaland, 1946–1964 (1993), pp. 159–160.
  24. 1 2 3 Conford, Philip. "A Forum for Organic Husbandry: The New English Weekly and Agricultural Policy, 1939–1949" (PDF). Bahs.org.uk. p. 10. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  25. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20080828004739/http://www.nchimatrust.org/news-06.htm. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Richard Griffiths, Fellow-Travellers of the Right (1980), p. 143.
  27. ↑ Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups (2003), p. 88.
  28. ↑ Roger Ebbatson, An Imaginary England: Nation, Landscape and Literature, 1840–1920 (2005), pp. 182–3.
  29. ↑ "Citing Georgina Boyes" (PDF). Fds.oup.com. p. 3. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  30. ↑ J. A. Mangan, Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon: Aryan Fascism
  31. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20080706162734/http://www.tls.psmedia.com/first.asp. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ Mike Tyldesley, The German Youth Movement and National Socialism: Some Views from Britain Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 41, Issue 1, pp. 21–34, January 2006.
  33. ↑ Griffiths, pp. 144–6.
  34. ↑ David Pepper, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction (1996), p. 227.
  35. ↑ Griffiths, p. 75.
  36. ↑ Collis, John Stewart (book); Macfarlane, Robert (introduction) (2009). "Introduction". The Worm Forgives the Plough. Random House, Vintage imprint. p. xvi.
  37. ↑ Griffiths, p. 321.
  38. ↑ Martin Pugh, 'Hurrah for the Blackshirts' (2005), p. 280.
  39. ↑ "Patrick Wright interview" (PDF). Amielandmelburn.org.uk. p. 27. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  40. ↑ Richard J. Moore-Colyer, Back to basics : Rolf Gardiner, H.J. Massingham and "A kinship in husbandry". Rural History, 12:1 (2001), 85–108.
  41. ↑ Richard Moore-Colyer and Philip Conford, A 'Secret Society'? The Internal and External Relations of the Kinship in Husbandry, 1941–52, Rural History (2004), 15 : 189–206.
  42. ↑ Julie V. Gottlieb, Thomas P. Linehan, The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain (2004), p. 187.
  43. ↑ For Kennedy (1893–1988), see Michael Brocken, The British Folk Revival, 1944–2002: 1944–2002 (2003), p. 45.
  44. 1 2 "Rolf Gardiner, English patriot and the Council for the Church and Countryside" (PDF). Bahs.org. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2014 ?. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  45. ↑ "Angmering History – Jorian Jenks – Angmering's Blackshirt farmer". Angmeringvillage.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  46. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20110713005238/http://www.ihspress.com/jorian-jenks-18991963.php. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ↑ Dan Stone, Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain (2002), p. 53.
  48. ↑ Tyldesley 2016, p. 88.
  49. ↑ Janet Morgan. "Obituary: Margaret Gardiner". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  50. ↑ "VWML Online :: George Barnet Gardiner (c.1852–1910)". Library.efdss.org. 19 January 1910. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  51. ↑ "John Eliot Gardiner Biography". Musicianguide.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  52. ↑ "Howard Hodgkin". Tate. 10 September 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

External links

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