Tor missile system

"SA-15" redirects here. For the class of arctic cargo ships, see SA-15 (ship).
9K330 Tor
NATO reporting name: SA-15 "Gauntlet"

9K330 TLAR (rear view of the chassis)
Type Tracked SAM system
Place of origin Soviet Union/Russia
Service history
In service 1986–present
Used by See list of operators
Production history
Designer

Almaz-Antey:

Antey design bureau (lead designer)
MKB Fakel (missile designer)
MNIIRE Altair (naval version designer)
Designed 1975
Manufacturer IEMZ Kupol
Metrowagonmash (GM chassis designer),
MZKT (wheeled chassis designer)
Unit cost US$ 25 million
Produced 1983
Variants Tor, Tor-M1, Tor-M2, Tor-M1-2U
Specifications (Tor-M1)
Weight 34 tonnes
Length 7.5 m
Width 3.3 m
Height 5.1 m (radar mast unstowed)
Crew 3
Main
armament
 9M330, 9M331
Engine V-12 diesel
618 kW (830 hp)
Transmission hydromechanical
Suspension torsion bar
Ground clearance 450 mm
Operational
range
 500 km
Speed 65 km/h

The Tor missile system (Russian: "Тор"; English: torus[1]) is an all-weather low to medium altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile system designed for engaging airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, precision guided munitions, unmanned aerial vehicles and short-range ballistic threats (Anti-Munitions). Originally developed by the Soviet Union under the GRAU designation 9K330, the system is commonly known by its NATO reporting name, SA-15 "Gauntlet". A navalized variant was developed under the name 3K95 "Kinzhal", also known as the SA-N-9 "Gauntlet". Tor was also the first air defence system in the world designed from the start to shoot down precision guided weapons like the AGM-86 ALCM[2] day and night, in bad weather and jamming situation.[3] Tor can detect targets while on the move. The vehicle must stop intermittently when firing,[4][5] although trials are being conducted to eliminate this restriction.[6]

Development

The development of the Tor missile system started on the 4th of February 1975, in response to the directives of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Initiated as a successor to the 9K33 Osa (NATO reporting name SA-8 "Gecko"), development on the land based version was conducted in parallel with a navalized variant of the system (3K95 Kinzhal/SA-N-9 "Gauntlet), to be installed on a number of upcoming ship classes, including the Kirov class battlecruisers,[2] and retrofitted onto older ships. Responsibility for development was given to the Antey design bureau (headed by V.P. Efremov), the missiles designed by MKB Fakel (under P.D. Grushin) and the Altair design bureau (headed by S.A. Fadeyev)was responsible for the development of Kinzhal.[2] All the developers and manufacturers of the Tor missile system unified into Almaz-Antey in 2002.[7]

Characteristics

Description

A 9K332 TLAR with tracking radar covered. Photo by GulfLINK.

The closest foreign equivalent to the Tor, in function and operation, are systems like the British Rapier missile and French Crotale missile systems, which some consider to have somewhat less performance[8][9][10] than Tor (the other two systems being based on somewhat older equipment). All three systems are mobile and self-propelled, Tor using the 9A330 combat vehicle, which carries a crew of four (one driver, three operators), and acts as an autonomous Transporter, Launcher, And Radar unit, or TLAR (similar to but not a TELAR, as it does not erect the missile to a launch position). The 9A330 is based on the GM-355 chassis manufactured by MMZ, the Tor-M1 using the improved GM-5955.[11] It is equipped with NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) protection. Like Rapier and Crotale, in addition to the tracked vehicle, there are also static and towed versions of the Tor, as well as a wheeled one. Mobility time is 3 minutes and it can be transported by any transport means (including aerial). The reaction time of the original Tor is 7-8 (standard) / 7-10 (if it is in motion) seconds.[4]

TLAR features

Arranged in a similar fashion to the previous 9K33 Osa and 9K22 Tunguska (Russian: Тунгуска) air defense systems, Tor’s TLAR features a turret with a top mounted target acquisition radar, and frontal tracking radar, with 8 ready to fire missiles stored vertically between the two radars. The target acquisition radar is a 3D F band pulse doppler radar, equipped with a truncated parabolic antenna, and a mechanically, later electronically, scanned in azimuth with a 32 degree sector view,[12] and has an average power output of 1.5 kW, which provides a maximum detection range of 25 km/16 mi. For reference, a McDonnell Douglas F-15 at an altitude of 6 km has a detection probability of 0.8 at this range.[2] The electronic ‘heart’ of the system is a digital fire control system, which allows detection of up to 48 targets and the tracking of ten at any one time, and integrates IFF functionality; the IFF antenna being mounted above the search radar.

Radar

The target engagement radar is a G band/H band (later K band) pulse doppler radar with an (in azimuth) Passive electronically scanned array antenna. The radar is classed as a thinned array (design using fewer elements) incorporating only 570 phase shifters and uses linear polarization.[12] The radar has an average power output of 0.6 kW providing a maximum detection range of 20 km/12 mi. An F-15 type aircraft had a detection probability of 0.8 at this range.[2] Originally Tor could only engage one target at a time, and with only two of its missiles. Later variants of the Tor system (Tor-M1 and M2E) incorporate additional fire control channels, as well as improved fire control computers, allowing the system to engage two (M1) and then four (M2E) targets, whilst simultaneously guiding up to four (M1) and then eight (M2E) missiles.. There is also a small antenna on the top of the target engagement radar to communicate with missiles after launch. Together these radars carry the NATO reporting name "Scrum Half". To reduce the dimensions of the vehicle, the target acquisition radar can be folded down horizontally when travelling, and the tracking radar can partially rotate away from vertical. To allow engagements in the ECM heavy environment that is the modern battlefield, the 9K332 is equipped with an optical tracking system, complementing the main radar.

Mobility

As a fully mobile system, the Tor is capable of acquiring and tracking targets while the TLAR is moving. Due, however, to the interference with launch operations while on the move, missiles can be fired only when the system is in a stationary position. Once set up, the reaction time (from target detection to engagement) is described as 5–8 seconds, depending on the variant; however, reaction time is somewhat longer (around 10 seconds) whilst in motion and firing in short halts. To facilitate this mode of operation, an auxiliary power unit (APU) is fitted so that the main engine can be shut down while the radar and missile system continue to operate when stationary, enabling long periods of readiness. The digital computers allowed for a higher degree of automation than any previous Soviet system of its type. Target threat classification is automatic and the system can be operated with little operator input, if desired. The high performance computing system combined with a Passive electronically scanned array radar are the main reasons for the system's high degree of accuracy, ability to intercept small, fast and highly maneuverable targets, and the very fast reaction times of the system.

Typical Deployment

Typically, a battery of four Tor vehicles is accompanied by the mobile Ranzhir-M (Russian: "Ранжир-М") command center, which provides automatically interaction with the SA-15,8,13,16. It allows for efficient allocation of tasks between the individual Tor-M1 crews and allows each TLAR to be linked into a wider air defense system, thereby increasing target detection range and reducing reaction time.

Tor vehicles is accompanied by the mobile Polyana-D4 which provides automatically interaction with the SA-15,17,19,23 (S-300V, Buk, Tor, Tunguska), (integrates all functions of several different systems into a single whole + Various Air Force aircraft + direct transfer of target designation).[13][14]

Tor-M1 receiving commands from Ranzhir-M / Polyana-D4 can shoot down targets in the range of 0-84 degrees.[4] Tor-M1 system (the time of creating the version, 1991[10]) can operate in a * pair *, then the angle of observation was 0-64 degrees (vertical).[4]

Combat vehicle of antiaircraft Tor missile system provides simultaneous detection of up to 48 targets.[3]

Missiles

9M330

4 9M330 Missiles in one of the two launching racks
Type Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
In service 1986-present
Used by See list of operators
Production history
Designer Fakel
Designed 1975
Manufacturer IEMZ Kupol
Produced 1983
Variants 9M330, 9M331, 9M332, 9M338[15][16]
Specifications (9M331[17])
Weight 167 kg
Length 2900 mm
Diameter 235 mm
Warhead Frag-HE
Warhead weight 15 kg
Detonation
mechanism
 RF Proximity
Wingspan 650 mm
Propellant Solid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
 12 kilometres (7.5 mi)[18]
Flight ceiling 6,000 metres (20,000 ft)
Boost time Cold launch ejection for 20 m
Speed 850 m/s
Guidance
system
 Radio command
Steering
system
 Gas dynamic control system, with four control surfaces
Launch
platform
 9A331 combat vehicle
Transport GM-569 tracked vehicle

Rocket complex were specially developed for the effective interception of small, aggressively manoeuvring targets.[3]

Weighing in at 167 kg (368 lb), the 9M330 missile is 3 m (10 ft) long, carries a 15 kg (33 lb) warhead and has a peak speed of around Mach 2.8. Utilizing command guidance and radar controlled proximity fuzes, the missiles can maneuver at up to 30Gs and engage targets flying at up to Mach 2. Cold launched, the missiles are propelled out of the vehicle before the solid fuel rocket motor fires and the gas-dynamic maneuvering system turns them toward their target. Missiles can also be fired against surface targets. Each missile is a sealed round, stored in two groups of four. Engagement range is up to 12 km (0.8-6.47 nm) with minimum range varying between 1500–2000 m (328-5,621 feet), depending upon version and an effective altitude of 10–6000 m (33-20,000 ft).[18]

Kill probabilities for later versions are quoted as:

A new 9M338 missile has been developed by Almaz Antey offering improved range and precision, its smaller size also enables the modified Tor-M2 to be equipped with 16 missiles as opposed to the original 8.[15][16]

Variants

9K330 Tor

The project was given strict design specifications to meet; Tor had to provide extended detection and tracking of fast, low radar cross section targets and be capable of quickly and efficiently dealing with massed air raids, whilst providing a high degree of automation and integration with other air defence assets.[19] In order to meet these demanding specifications, the designers used a variety of new technologies, including advanced Passive electronically scanned array radar for improved detection and tracking performance, enhanced digital information processing, and vertically launched missiles to improve reaction time and increase the number of readily available munitions. After a period of testing and evaluation between December 1983 and December 1984, the land based system was accepted into service on March 19, 1986.[20]

9K331 Tor M1

"Tor-M1", introduced in 1991 with the 9M331 missile, with greatly improved missile accuracy and the ability to engage two targets simultaneously, minimum range 1.5 km (0.93 mi), minimum height 0,01 km.[21]

Even while the Tor was being introduced into service, work started on improving the system, resulting in an enhanced version, the Tor-M1. Many improvements over the original system were made; these included the addition of a second fire control channel, allowing two targets to be engaged at once; as well as upgrades to the optical tracking system and computer equipment. ECM protection and warhead design were also modified, as was the ammunition handling system.[19] State tests, conducted between March and December 1989,[2] showed that the result was a system which could engage more targets in a shorter time frame with reaction times reduced by over a second and an increased probability of target destruction. The M1 was introduced into service in 1991.[2] Further modifications occurred partly as a response of insight gained from the 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulting in the Tor-M1-1, or Tor-M1V, which offered improved network connectivity and ECM functions.[2][19] Significantly increased the probability of hitting any target.[4]

In 1993 Tor, in the interference conditions, was able to shoot down small-sized rocket (similar to the complexes Iron Dome 1 target) at a 100% rate.[22] In comparison Tor-M2E achieved a 100% rate in 2009,[23] Tor-M2 a 100% rate at 2013 (10 km),[24] and Tor-M2 km a 100% rate at 2014 [25] (Heavy ECM environments. Small-sized and high-speed targets. Simultaneously four).

9K332 Tor-M2E

Tor M2E features at the MAKS 2009 show (Buk missiles in the background)

Upgrades have continued over the lifetime of the system, with developer Almaz Antey unveiling the newest incarnation of the Tor missile system, the Tor-M2E,[26] at the MAKS Airshow in 2007.

The latest variant features:

Ammunition of the Tor-M2 includes 8 missiles 9M331 or 16 missiles 9M338 (increase the altitude and range).[29] The affected area expanded to height - 10 km, distance - 16. The maximum speed of the rocket is 1 km/s. Time for a short stop for the firing start reduced to 2–3 seconds.[30] 9M338 have already produced.[31]

The Tor-M2E also offers the option of a wheeled chassis, as well as a new digital computer system and all weather optical tracking system.[19] It is currently produced at OJSC Izhevsk Electromechanical plant «Kupol».

Tor-M1-2U

"Tor-M1-2U" entered service in the framework of the state defense order at the end of 2012. This system is designed to destroy aircraft, helicopters, wind drones, missiles, and other elements of precision weapons, flying at medium, low and very low altitudes in all weathers. The system is able to hit four targets simultaneously at a height of up to 10 kilometers. Its crew consists of three people. [41][42] Deliveries are underway.[43] It can hit targets on the move.[44][45]

3K95 Kinzhal (Naval Variant)

SA-N-9 launcher on the Udaloy class destroyer Admiral Vinogradov.

The 3K95 "Kinzhal" (Russian: Кинжал – dagger) is the naval version of the Tor missile system developed by Altair and has the NATO reporting name SA-N-9 Gauntlet. Using the same 9M330 missile as the land based version, the system can be mounted on vessels displacing over 800 tonnes and is known to be installed on Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carriers, Kirov class multimission cruisers, Udaloy class anti-submarine destroyers and Neustrashimy class frigates. The naval version of the later Tor-M1 is known as the "Yozh" (Russian: Ёж - hedgehog), while the export version of the Kinzhal is known as "Klinok" (Russian: Клинок - blade).

Despite starting testing earlier than its terrestrial counterpart, the naval variant, Kinzhal, had a more protracted development.[2] After an extended testing period using a Project 1124 Grisha class corvette (including the engagement and destruction of four P-5 Pyatyorka (SSC-1a Shaddock) anti-ship missiles in 1986[46]) Kinzhal finally entered service in 1989.

Stored within rotary VLS modules, the missiles are clustered into launchers comprising three to six modules (32 (Neustrashimy), 64 (Udaloy) or 192 (Kuznetsov, Kirov) missiles) and mounted flush to the deck. Each module has up to eight missiles stored ready to fire; during firing the missile is cold launched using a gas catapult before the launcher brings the next round to a firing position.[47]

SA-N-9 firing from the Kirov class cruiser Frunze.

Fire control (FC) is handled by the 3R95 multi-channel FC system, (NATO reporting name Cross Swords), composed of two different radar sets, a G-band target acquisition radar (maximum detection range 45 km/28 mi,[47]) and a K-band target engagement radar, (maximum tracking range 15 km/9 mi) that handles the actual prosecution of a target.

Using two top mounted, mechanically scanned, parabolic target acquisition radars, the fire control system provides a 360 degree field of view, as well as IFF. The target engagement radar is a Passive electronically scanned array antenna of the reflection type mounted on the front of the fire control system with a 60 degree field of view.[46] Much like its land based sibling, the target engagement radar can track and guide eight missiles on up to four targets at once and is effective to a range of 1.5–12 km and an altitude of 10–6000 m.[47] The system has a reaction time of 8–24 seconds, depending on the mode of operation, and is managed by a crew of 13.[47] Additional missile guidance antennae can be seen around the fire control system and the 3K95, like the upgraded Tor launchers, is equipped with a secondary infrared guidance system. The 3R95 can also provide fire control information for the vessels AK-630 close in weapons systems (CIWS) providing a second line of defence should anything penetrate the missile layer.[46]

HQ-17 (Chinese Variant)

The HQ-17 (Hongqi-17) is the reported Chinese's copy version of the Tor-M1 system.

In 1996, China ordered 14 Tor-M1 missile systems from Russia which were delivered under contract in 1997. In 1999, another contract for 13 Tor-M1 systems was signed between Russia and China. Delivery of the systems took place in 2000.[48]

The HQ-17 is a Chinese development of the Tor-M1 system with multiple improvements. Unlike the Tor system, the HQ-17 incorporates an IFF array on top of an electronically scanned array radar, modernized electronics, a new all-terrain launcher, and the ability to datalink with other Chinese systems.[49]

Combat history

In a press conference regarding the 2008 South Ossetia War, Russian defence ministry spokesperson Anatoliy Nogovitsyn speculated about the use of the Tor missile system by Georgia against attacking Russian aircraft. The system suggested as a possible cause of the loss of a Tu-22MR strategic bomber, shot down by Georgian air-defences while on a reconnaissance mission during the conflict.[50] While the loss of the bomber has also been attributed to Buk-M1, which Georgia obtained from Ukraine in 2007,[51] if the loss can be attributed to Tor it would be the first time the (as yet unproven) system has seen combat use.

Russia’s Armed Forces stepped up their combat in the area using the latest anti-missile system ‘Tor-M2U’ in the Kuril Islands, Rossiyskaya Gazeta reported on 24.09.2015. Prior to this, for the past six months the soldiers and officers had used the air defense system in experimental mode.[52]

Operators

Map of 3K95 operators in blue with former operators in red

Current operators

Former operators

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Бублик" остроконечный (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 9К330 "ТОР" (SA-15 Gauntlet)". Вестника ПВО (in Russian). 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  3. 1 2 3 http://dokwar.ru/publ/voenny_vestnik/novosti_vpk/rossijskie_zenitnye_raketnye_kompleksy_tor_na_mezhdunarodnoj_aviacionno_kosmicheskoj_vystavke_aehroshou_chajna_2014/2-1-0-1534
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "На вооружение войск ЮВО поступили новые ЗРС "Тор-М1-2У"". aftershock.su. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  5. ↑ ",". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Tor-M2U po raz pierwszy strzelał w marszu". konflikty.pl. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  7. ↑ История. Алмаз-Антей (in Russian). 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  8. ↑ http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/missile/torm/srav.jpg
  9. ↑ http://vpk.name/news/12808_bubliki_vmesto_zontika_rossiiskaya_oboronka_prodolzhaet_vyipuskat_unikalnoe_oruzhie.html
  10. 1 2 "Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К331 Тор-M1". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  11. ↑ "GM-5955 Specifications". METROWAGONMASH. 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  12. 1 2 M.W. Ganz and J.K. Smith (1996). "Russian Microwave Capabilities: A Firsthand Report". IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference. Proceedings. 4: 67–76. doi:10.1109/AERO.1996.499403.
  13. ↑ "952 "-4"". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  14. ↑ ""Поляна-Д4М1" (9С52М1), мобильная автоматизированная система управления зенитной ракетной бригадой (смешанной группировкой средств ПВО)". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  15. 1 2 "Russia Unveils New High-Precision Air Defense System / Sputnik international". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  16. 1 2 Tamir Eshel. "New Missile Enhances Russian TOR-M2 Air Defense Capabilities". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "9K331 Tor". Federation American Scientists. 2000-09-03. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  18. 1 2 3 "Russia trains Greek Tor-M1 crews". RIA Novosti. 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Аналогов "Тору" не существует. ВОЕННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫЙ КУРЬЕР (in Russian). ВПК-Медиа. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  20. ↑ "Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Top"". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  21. ↑ http://www.almaz-antey.ru/en/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/
  22. ↑ http://www.rg.ru/2013/02/21/armiya-site.html
  23. ↑ http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/Tor_M2.html
  24. ↑ http://www.rg.ru/2014/03/06/tor.html
  25. ↑ http://www.vz.ru/news/2014/10/10/709901.html
  26. ↑ ИЭМЗ "Купол" представит на "МАКС-2007" новую БМ ЗРС "ТОР-М2Э". ОАО "ИЭМЗ "Купол" (in Russian). 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  27. ↑ http://www.raspletin.ru/sistema-pvo-maloy-dalnosti-tor-m2e
  28. ↑ "Российские ПВО не оставляют ни одного шанса авиации США". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  29. ↑ "ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС "ТОР М2". AIR DEFENSE MISSILE COMPLEX TOR-M2". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  30. ↑ "Создан высокоточный комплекс ПВО 'Тор-М2'". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  31. ↑ "Разработчик: новейшая ракета для "Тор-М2" сбивает прямым попаданием". РИА Новости. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  32. ↑ leaflet SAM «tor-M2E
  33. 1 2 """ " ": ?". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  34. ↑ Advertising booklet of ADMS «Тор-М2К»
  35. ↑ Year defense. Results of 2007 on the website «Vestnik PVO»
  36. ↑ Advertising booklet of ADMS «Тор-М2КМ»
  37. ↑ "New ADMS MAKS 2013". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  38. ↑ "- .name". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  39. ↑ "/ - / "-2"". 6 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  40. ↑ "ЗРК "Тор-М2КМ" в модульном исполнении". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  41. ↑ "Войска ЮВО получили новые зенитно-ракетные системы "Тор-М1-2У"". РИА Новости. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  42. ↑ "Antiaircraft troops in the South Military District fire "Tor" for the first time - Vestnik Kavkaza". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  43. ↑ http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/news/dva-zenitnyh-raketnyh-diviziona-vvo-v-primore-perevooruzheny-na-zrk-tor-m2u
  44. ↑ http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/2280364
  45. ↑ http://www.sputniknews.com/russia/20150926/1027583140/russia-missiles-test.html
  46. 1 2 3 "КОРАБЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС "КИНЖАЛ" (SA-N-9 GAUNTLET)". Вестника ПВО (in Russian). 2000-12-12. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  47. 1 2 3 4 "KLINOK Air Defence Missile System". Naval Systems Export Catalogue. Rosoboronexport. 2003. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  48. ↑ "RUSSIAN TOR MISSILE SYSTEM". Russia File Defence Brief. 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  49. ↑ http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/eastern-arsenal/hq-17-classic-russian-missile-new-chinese-twist
  50. ↑ "Russia's Defence ministry spokesman press-conference (YouTube)". RussiaToday. 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  51. ↑ "Known Deliveries of Military Equipment to Georgia in 2000-2008". Moscow Defence Brief. Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. 2008. Retrieved 2000-01-15. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  52. ↑ http://www.sputniknews.com/military/20150924/1027469736/russia-kurile-islands-air-defense-missile-system.html
  53. ↑ http://algeriesolidaire.net/la-russie-a-livre-a-lalgerie-12-systemes-de-defense-aerienne-en-2014/
  54. ↑ "-". Vedomosti.ru. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  55. ↑ "Third battery of Tor-M2 air defense missile system enters in service with the Belarus army". January 4, 2014.
  56. ↑ "Россия поставила Белоруссии четыре Як-130 и дивизион "Тор-М2" - Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  57. ↑ http://www.mil.by/print.php?ELEMENT_ID=24226&clear_cache=Y
  58. ↑ http://ria.ru/maks/20150825/1206500139.html
  59. 1 2 3 "Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence Tor (NATO SA-15 'Gauntlet') low to medium-altitude self-propelled surface-to-air missile system". Jane's Information Group. 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  60. ↑ The Military Balance 2013. — P. 288.
  61. ↑ http://www.deagel.com/Air-Defense-Systems/Tor-M1_a000375001.aspx
  62. ↑ http://en.fondsk.ru/article.php?id=2266
  63. ↑ http://vpk.name/news/121328_minoboronyi_egipta_na_ucheniyah_prodemonstrirovalo_zrk_bukm2_utverzhdaet_dzheins.html
  64. ↑ "Russia Iran successfully tests Russian TOR-M1 missiles". RIA Novosti. 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  65. ↑ Bericht auf dtig.org (S. 10) (PDF; 156 kB)
  66. ↑ Archive copy at the Wayback Machine (englisch)
  67. ↑ http://warfare.be/?lang=&linkid=1691&catid=264
  68. ↑ "Hugo Chávez agradece a Rusia por suministrar a Venezuela "el armamento más moderno del mundo"" (in Spanish). RIA Novosti. 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
  69. ↑ The Military Balance 2012. — P. 405.
  70. ↑ The Military Balance 2012. — P. 406.
  71. ↑ es:Tor-M1
  72. ↑ Yemeni Air Force
  73. ↑ John Pike. "Yemen Air Force". Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  74. ↑ widesoft systems. ".:( Les grands bouleversements gopolitiques imposent une nouvelle vision du monde ):.". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  75. ↑ http://izvestia.ru/news/432493
  76. ↑ http://www.geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=ru
  77. ↑ http://www.military-informant.com/index.php/analytic/1696-ukraine-usa.html#.UZNAtD52G31
  78. ↑ http://pvo.guns.ru/other/ukraine/index332.htm

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tor surface-to-air missile system.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, May 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.