Ski jumping techniques
The sport of ski jumping has seen the use of numerous different techniques, or styles, over the course of its more than two-hundred-year history. Depending on how the skis are held, distances have increased by as much as 200 metres (660 ft) within the past century.
Kongsberger
The Kongsberger technique (Norwegian: Kongsbergknekk) was created by Jacob Tullin Thams and Sigmund Ruud in Kongsberg, Norway. Developed after World War I, the technique was characterised by the athlete's upper body being bent at the hip, with arms extended at the front and skis held parallel to each other. Sometimes the arms would be waved or 'flapped' around vigorously in a bird-like manner. This technique extended jumping lengths from 45 metres (148 ft) to over 100 metres (330 ft), and was used in ski jumping until being superseded by the Windisch and Däscher techniques in the 1950s.[1]
Windisch
Created by Erich Windisch in 1949, this was a modification of the Kongsberger technique. The athlete's arms are instead placed backwards toward the hips for a closer, more aerodynamic lean.[1]
Däscher/parallel
The Däscher technique or parallel style[2] was created by Andreas Däscher in the 1950s, as a modification of the Kongsberger and Windisch techniques.[1] No longer was the upper body bent as much at the hip, enabling a flatter, more aerodynamic position in the air. This style became the standard for ski jumping as whole until the development of the V-style. In the 1980s, the parallel style saw a variation in which the skis were pointed diagonally off to the side in order to increase surface area, essentially forming a half "V".[3]
V-style
In the V-style, the ski tips are spread outwards in a highly aerodynamic "V" shape. It became the predominant jumping technique following the Däscher/parallel style, which was last used in the early 1990s.[1]
The originator of the V-style was Mirosław Graf, a Polish ski jumper from Szklarska Poręba.[4] As early as 1969 Graf discovered the technique as a child, but it was not taken seriously by his contemporaries. He was nonetheless aware that the V-style was highly effective, as his jumps became considerably longer.
In the early 1980s, Steve Collins used a modified variation of the V-style, or "delta style", with the ski tips held together instead of at the rear.[5] He was the youngest winner of a World Cup event at the age of fifteen, but his technique never caught on. During this era, any technique aside from the parallel style was considered inappropriate by FIS judges. Although it enabled much longer jumps – up to ten per cent more than the parallel style – judges made it an issue to award poor marks to those who used it.
The V-style only became recognised as valid by judges in the early 1990s, following wins and high rankings by Jan Boklöv and Jiří Malec, who insisted on using the technique despite low style points. By the mid-1990s it had become the predominant style of jumping used by all athletes, and was therefore no longer penalised as it had proven to be both safer and more efficient than the parallel style. The style is sometimes called "Graf–Boklöv".[6]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 MacArthur, Paul J. (Mar–Apr 2011). Skiing Heritage Journal, pp. 20–25, at Google Books. International Skiing History Association. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ↑ Ito, Shinichiro; Seo, Kazuya; Asai, Takeshi (2008). "An Experimental Study on Ski Jumping Styles (P140)". The Engineering of Sport 7. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
- ↑ Higdon, Hal (March–April 1991). Snow Country, pp. 48–51, at Google Books. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
- ↑ Johnson, Wayne (2007). White Heat: The Extreme Skiing Life.
- ↑ "USASJ Story Project- Dec 31 Bakke". USA Ski Jumping Story Project. 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
- ↑ Maryniak, Jerzy; Ładyżyńska-Kozdraś, Edyta; Tomczak, Sfawomir (2009-12-14). Configurations of the Graf-Boklev (V-Style) Ski Jumper Model and Aerodynamic Parameters in a Wind Tunnel. Human Movement.