United States–Korea Treaty of 1882

A Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation[1] (Korean: 조·미수호통상조약, Hanja: 朝美修好通商條約) was negotiated between representatives of the United States and Joseon Korea in 1882.[2]

The final draft was accepted at Chemulpo (current day Incheon) near the Korean capital of Hanseong (Seoul) in April and May 1884.[3]

Background

In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado and threatened to fire on the Korean capital city. Treaty negotiations with the Americans and with several European countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture.[4]

Negotiations with China were a significant feature of the process which resulted in this treaty.[5]

Treaty provisions

The United States and Korea negotiated and approved a 14 article treaty. The treaty established mutual friendship and mutual assistance in case of attack; and the treaty also addressed such specific matters as extraterritorial rights for American citizens in Korea and most favored nation trade status.[1][6]

Abstract

The treaty encompasses a range of subjects.

“ There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the President of the United States and the King of Chosen and the citizens and subjects of their respective Governments. If other powers deal unjustly or oppressively with either Government, the other will exert their good offices on being informed of the case to bring about an amicable arrangement, thus showing their friendly feelings.[6] ”

The treaty remained in effect until the annexation of Korea in 1910.

Aftermath

The US treaty established a template which was explicitly modelled in treaties with other Western nations — Germany in 1883, Russia and Italy in 1884, France in 1886, and others as well.[7]

The treaty remained in effect even after the protectorate was established in 1905.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 United States. Dept. of State (1889). John H. Haswell, ed. Treaties and conventions concluded between the United States of America since July 4, 1776. G.P.O. p. 216.
  2. ↑ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921-1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 17., p. 17, at Google Books; excerpt, "It is certain that in 1882 the United States recognized the independence and territorial integrity of Korea by entering into a treaty of amity and commerce with her as a separate national entity. The treaty was in due form. It was ratified by the Senate and in regular course it was formally "proclaimed" by President Arthur. Japan was the first nation to officially "congratulate" both Korea and the United States upon its consummation. This fact is noted in the report of Hon. John A. Bingham to Secretary Frelinghuysen, April 14, 1883. As though to emphasize the international effect of this treaty in recognizing this national entity, China protested the sending of Korean ministers to the United States, claiming suzerainty over Korea. The protest was patiently and fully considered on its merits and was overruled. Later China, conceding the position of the United States, also recognized, by specific treaty the independence and separate entity of Korea. Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy, following the course of the United States, also made treaties of amity and commerce with Korea as a separate nation." [italics + bold added for emphasis]
  3. ↑ Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235, p. 235, at Google Books; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations."
  4. ↑ Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea, pp. 107-108., p. 107, at Google Books
  5. ↑ Kang, Woong Joe. (2005) The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books; Kang, Jae-un (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 459., p. 459, at Google Books; Pletcher, David M. (2001). The Diplomacy of Involvement: American economic expansion across the Pacific, 1784-1900, p. 186., p. 186, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Korean Mission, p. 29., p. 29, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
  7. ↑ Kim, p. 107., p. 107, at Google Books
  8. ↑ Korean Mission p. 36., p. 36, at Google Books; excerpt, "Official rescript issued by Japan, November 22, 1905, declares: 'In bringing this agreement to the notice of the powers having treaties with Korea, the Imperial Government declares that * * * they will see that these treaties are maintained and respected, and they also engage not to prejudice In any way the legitimate commercial and industrial interests of those powers in Korea'."

References

Further reading

External links

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