Korean–Jurchen border conflicts

Korean-Jurchen conflicts
Date10th century - 17th century
LocationNorthern Korean Peninsula
Result Goryeo: Stalemate
Joseon: Jurchen/Manchu victory
Belligerents
Goryeo
Joseon		 Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jianzhou Jurchens
Qing dynasty
Commanders and leaders
King Hyeonjong
Gang Gam-chan
Seo Hui
Gang Jo †
Yang Gyu †		 Wu-ya-shu
Hong Taiji

The Korean-Jurchen conflicts were a series conflicts from the 10th century to the 17th century between the Korean states of Goryeo and Joseon and the Jurchen people. The ancestors of the Jurchen were the Mohe and their descendants were the Manchu people.

Background

After the fall of Balhae, parts of the northern Korean peninsula fell into the hands of the Tungusic Mohe people and their descendants the Jurchen people. During the Liao dynasty, Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Yuan dynasty the area was under the control of Jurchen chieftains.

The Korean Kingdoms of Goryeo and its successor Joseon fought their way up the Korean peninsula and annexed land from the Jurchen, culminating in Joseon taking total control of the Korean peninsula after seizing control of Hamgyong (鹹鏡道/함경도) from the Jurchens.

According to Goryeosa, "barbarians" occupied the land around Pyongyang in 918,[1] and that in 993 the area between Pyongyang and Liaoyang was populated by Jurchens.[2]

Timeline of the Korean–Jurchen wars

Under Goryeo period

The Koreans of Goryeo had been beaten into submission to the Jurchens by the Jurchen leader Wu-ya-shu,[3] who secured the Jurchen-Korean border.[4] The Jurchens extorted gifts and rewards from the Korean kingdom Goryeo by militarily threatening them.[5]

In 1107 Goryeo dispatched five large armies led by Yoon Gwan to Helandian. They destroyed a hundred Jurchen villages and built nine fortresses there. After a one-year battle, the Wanyan army won two fortresses and eliminated Goryeo reinforcements. Goryeo and the Jurchen achieved settlement and, as a result, Goryeo withdrew from the occupied areas.

Under Joseon period

There were two kind of Jurchens: the Enemy/Treacherous Jurchens 적호(賊胡) and the defensive/boundary Jurchens 번호(藩胡) considered as Jianzhou Jurchens living in Korean borders.

The modern day northeastern part of the Korean peninsula in Hamgyong used to belong to the Jurchens and was inhabited by Jurchen tribes, during the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, it was put under Jurchen tribal jurisdiction.

After the collapse of Yuan dynasty power Goryeo and then Joseon made the Jurchens in the area around Hamhung on the northern Korean peninsula submit as vassals However the Ming dynasty sought to take control of the Jurchen tribes and claimed all of the land which belonged to the Jin and Liao dynaties "north of Xianzhou", but the Koreans utilized mistakes in the texts of the Jinshi and Liaoshi in their Dilizhi chapters to say that the area belonged to Korea, and the Ming conceded the area since there was no proof available to the Ming for Jin and Liao control of those places, even though in reality the land were indeed under Jin rule as evidenced by epigraphs carved in stone by the Jurchen.[11]

The Joseon Koreans tried to deal with the military threat posed by the Jurchen by using both forceful means and incentives, and by launching military attacks while at the same time they tried to appease them with titles and degrees, traded with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Korean women marry Jurchens and integrating them into Korean culture. Despite these measures, fighting continued between the Jurchen and the Koreans.[12][13] The Ming Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead.[14] Korea tried to persuade Jurchen leader Mentemu (Möngke Temür) to reject the Ming overtures, but were unsuccessful since Möngke Temür folded and submitted to the Ming.[15][16][17][18]

Joseon under Sejong the Great then engaged in military campaigns against the Jurchen and after defeating the Odoli, Maolian and Udige clans, Joseon managed to take control of Hamgyong.

The modern borders of Korea were finalized when the northeast region was conquered by the Yi (Joseon) and arond 1450 several border forts were established in the conquered northeast.[19]

In 1467 Ming China and Joseon defeated the Huligai clan and killed their leader Li Manzhu 李滿住.

Two chieftains, Yul Po-ri and Yi T’ang-ga advanced by separate roads upon Kyongsung with 10,000 mounted followers, but the little garrison of 100 men fought so stubbornly that the siege was raised and the two chieftains marched on to attack Pang-weun. The Joseon troops arrived just in time to drive the invaders back.

Being successful in this he took 2500 men along with the prefects of Hoeryong, Onsong and Puryong, crossed the same river at four different points simultaneously and attacked the Sijun Jurchens (Hangul : 시전번호/반호 Hanja :時錢藩胡/叛胡) tribe by night, burning 200 houses and killing 380 peoples. (제승방략(制勝方略)) on 1588 1m 15d.

Timeline of the Korean-Manchu wars

The Jurchens of the Later Jin, who later became the Manchus, inflicted a crushing defeat upon Joseon Korea in their 1627 invasion.

The Manchus inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Koreans and forced the Korean King to perform a humiliating ritual of submission along with erecting the Samjeondo Monument.

References

  1. ↑ "丙申谕群臣曰:“平壤古都荒废虽久,基址尙存,而荆棘滋茂,蕃人游猎於其间,因而侵掠边邑,为害 大矣。 宜徙民实之以固藩屏为百世之利"(高丽史)
  2. ↑ “自契丹东京至我安北府数百里之地,皆为生女真所据。光宗取之,筑嘉州、松城等城,今契丹之来,其志不过取 北二城,其声言取高勾丽旧地者,实恐我也”(高丽史)
  3. ↑ China Under Jurchen Rule. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  4. ↑ The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States ... Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Breuker 2010, p. 221.
  6. ↑ Michael J. Seth (16 October 2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.
  7. ↑ Michael J. Seth (1 January 2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-7425-4005-7.
  8. ↑ Matthew Bennett (January 1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Taylor & Francis. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-1-57958-116-9.
  9. ↑ Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.24. ISBN 978-0-7607-1976-3.
  10. ↑ Carlos Kenneth Quiñones; Joseph Tragert (26 January 2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea. Alpha Books. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-1-59257-169-7.
  11. ↑ Aisin Gioro & Jin, pp. 20-21.
  12. ↑ Seth 2006, p. 138.
  13. ↑ Seth 2010, p. 144.
  14. ↑ Zhang 2008, p. 29.
  15. ↑ Goodrich 1976, p. 1066.
  16. ↑ Peterson 2002, p. 13.
  17. ↑ Twitchett 1998, pp. 286-287.
  18. ↑ Zhang 2008, p. 30.
  19. ↑ Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.24. ISBN 978-0-7607-1976-3.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, May 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.