Provinces of Korea
This article describes the historical development of Korea's provinces (Do ; hangul: 도; hanja: 道).
Provinces (Do) have been the primary administrative division of Korea since the mid Goryeo dynasty in the early 11th century, and were preceded by provincial-level divisions (Ju and Mok) dating back to Unified Silla, in the late 7th century.
Historical summary
During the Unified Silla Period (AD 668–935), Korea was divided into nine Ju (주; 州), an old word for "province" that was used to name both the kingdom's provinces and its provincial capitals.
After Goryeo defeated Silla and Later Baekje in 935 and 936 respectively, the new kingdom "was divided into one royal district (Ginae; 기내; 畿內) and twelve administrative districts (Mok; 목; 牧)" (Nahm 1988), which were soon redivided into ten provinces (Do). In 1009 the country was again redivided, this time into one royal district, five provinces (Do) and two frontier districts (Gye; 계; 界?).
After the Joseon Dynasty's rise to power and the formation of Joseon in 1392, the country was redivided into eight new provinces (Do) in 1413. The provincial boundaries closely reflected major regional and dialect boundaries, and are still often referred to in Korean today simply as the Eight Provinces (Paldo). In 1895, as part of the Gabo Reform, the country was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; 府), which were replaced a year later by thirteen new provinces.
The thirteen provinces of 1896 included three of the original eight provinces, with the five remaining original provinces divided into north and south halves (Bukdo (북도; 北道) and Namdo (남도; 南道) respectively). The thirteen provinces remained unchanged throughout the Colonial Period.
With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into Northern Korea and Southern Korea under trusteeship from Soviet Union and America, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. (See Division of Korea for more details.) As a result, three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn)—were divided into North Korea and South Korea today.
The special cities of Seoul and P'yŏngyang were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea.
Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged. New cities and special administrative regions have been created, however: see Special cities of Korea for their history. For a comprehensive description of Korea's provinces and special cities today, please see Administrative divisions of North Korea and Administrative divisions of South Korea.
Provinces of Unified Silla
In 660, the southeastern kingdom of Silla conquered Baekje in the Southwest, and in 668, Silla conquered Goguryeo in the north with the help of China's Tang Dynasty (see also Three Kingdoms of Korea). For the first time, most of the Korean peninsula was ruled by a single power. Silla's northern boundary ran through the middle of southern Goguryeo, from the Taedong River (which flows through P'yŏngyang) in the west to Wŏnsan in modern-day Kangwon Province in the east. In 721, Silla solidifed its northern boundary with Balhae (which replaced Goguryeo in the north) by building a wall between P'yŏngyang and Wŏnsan.
The country's capital was Geumseong (modern-day Gyeongju), and sub-capitals were located at Geumgwan-gyeong (Gimhae), Namwon-gyeong, Seowon-gyeong (Cheongju), Jungwon-gyeong (Chungju), and Bugwon-gyeong (Wonju).
The country was divided into nine provinces (Ju): three in the pre-660 territory of Silla, and three each in the former kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo.
The table below lists the three preceding kingdoms, each province's name in the Roman alphabet, hangul, and hanja, as well as the provincial capital, and the equivalent modern-day province.
| Former kingdom | Province | Hangul | Hanja | Capital | Modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silla | Yangju | 양주 | 良州 | Yangju | Eastern Gyeongsang |
| Gangju | 강주 | 康州 | Gangju | Western South Gyeongsang | |
| Sangju | 상주 | 尙州 | Sangju | Western North Gyeongsang | |
| Baekje | Muju | 무주 | 武州 | Muju | South Jeolla |
| Jeonju | 전주 | 全州 | Jeonju | North Jeolla | |
| Ungju | 웅주 | 熊州 | Gongju | South Chungcheong | |
| Goguryeo | Hanju | 한주 | 漢州 | Hanju (Seoul) | North Chungcheong, Gyeonggi, Hwanghae |
| Sakju | 삭주 | 朔州 | Sakju | Western Gangwon | |
| Myeongju | 명주 | 溟州 | Myeongju | Eastern Gangwon |
Provinces of Goryeo
In 892, Gyeon Hwon founded the kingdom of Later Baekje in southwestern Silla, and in 918, Wanggeon (King Taejo) established the kingdom of Goryeo in the northwest, with its capital at Songak (modern-day Kaesŏng). In 935, Goryeo conquered the remnants of Silla, and in 936, it conquered Later Baekje. Songak was greatly expanded and renamed Gaegyeong. Taejo expanded the country's territory by conquering part of the land formerly belonging to Goguryeo, in the northwest of the Korean peninsula, as far north as the Amnok River (Yalu River). A wall was constructed from the Amnok River in the northwest to the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea) in the southeast, on the boundary between Goryeo and the northeastern Jurched territory.
The country had one capital (Gaegyeong) and three sub-capitals: Donggyeong (modern-day Gyeongju and the former capital of Silla), Namgyeong (modern-day Seoul), and Seogyeong (modern-day P'yŏngyang).
Originally, the country had one royal district (Ginae; 기내; 畿內) around Gaegyeong and twelve administrative districts (Mok; 목; 牧): (Note that Gwangju-mok is modern-day Gwangju-si in Gyeonggi Province, not the larger Gwangju Metropolitan City.)
The twelve districts were soon redivided into ten provinces (Do; 도; 道). Gwannae-do included the administrative districts of Yangju, Hwangju, Gwangju, and Haeju; Jungwon-do included Chungju and Cheongju; Hanam-do replaced Gongju; Gangnam-do replaced Jeonju; Yeongnam-do replaced Sangju; Sannam-do replaced Jinju; and Haeyang-do replaced Naju and Seungju; the three other new provinces were Yeongdong-do, Panbang-do, and Paeseo-do.
Finally, in 1009, the ten provinces were again redivided, this time into five provinces (Do) and two frontier districts (Gye; 계; 界?).
The table below lists the provinces of Silla, the administrative districts of Goryeo that replaced them, then the pre- and post-1009 provinces, as well as their modern equivalents. ^
| Province of Silla | Administrative district | Pre-1009 province | Post-1009 province | Modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanju | Gyeonggi (京畿) | Gyeonggi | Gyeonggi | Kaesŏng |
| Yangju-mok (揚州牧) | Gwannae-do | Seohae-do | Hwanghae | |
| Hwangju-mok (黃州牧) | North Hwanghae | |||
| Haeju-mok (海州牧) | South Hwanghae | |||
| Gwangju-mok (廣州牧) | Yanggwang-do | Gyeonggi | ||
| Chungju-mok (忠州牧) | Jungwon-do | North Chungcheong | ||
| Ungju | Cheongju-mok | |||
| Gongju-mok | Hanam-do | South Chungcheong | ||
| Jeonju | Jeonju-mok (全州牧) | Gangnam-do | Jeolla-do | North Jeolla |
| Muju | Naju-mok | Haeyang-do | South Jeolla | |
| Seungju | ||||
| Sangju | Sangju-mok | Yeongnam-do | Gyeongsang-do | North Gyeongsang |
| Gangju | Jinju-mok | Sannam-do | Western South Gyeongsang | |
| Yangju | Yeongdong-do | Eastern South Gyeongsang | ||
| Sakju | — | Sakbang-do | Gyoju-do | Gangwon |
| Myeongju | — | Donggye | ||
| — | — | Paeseo-do | Bukgye | Pyeongan |
Provinces of Joseon
In 1413, Korea (at that time called Joseon) was divided into eight provinces: Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng (originally called Yeonggil), Hwanghae (originally called P'unghae), and P'yŏngan.
For detailed information on the eight provinces of Joseon—an important subject for understanding Korea's modern geography—please see Eight Provinces (Korea), as well as the articles on the individual provinces, as listed above.
| RR Romaja | M–R Romaja | Hangul | Hanja | Name origin | Capital | Region | Korean dialect | Post-1896 Provinces |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chungcheong | Ch'ungch'ŏng | 충청도 | 忠淸道 | Chungju (충주 忠州), Cheongju (청주 淸州) | Gongju | Hoseo | Chungcheong dialect | Chungcheongbuk Chungcheongnam |
| Gangwon | Kangwŏn | 강원도 | 江原道 | Gangneung (강릉 江陵), Wonju (원주 原州) | Wonju | Gwandong (Yeongseo, Yeongdong (1)) | Gangwon dialect | Gangwon |
| Gyeonggi | Kyŏnggi | 경기도 | 京畿道 | (See note) | Hanseong (Seoul) | Gijeon (2) | Seoul dialect | Gyeonggi |
| Gyeongsang | Kyŏngsang | 경상도 | 慶尙道 | Gyeongju (경주 慶州), Sangju (상주 尙州) |
Daegu | Yeongnam | Gyeongsang dialect | Gyeongsangbuk Gyeongsangnam |
| Hamgyeong | Hamgyŏng | 함경도 | 咸鏡道 | Hamhung (함흥 咸興), Kyongsong (경성 鏡城) |
Hamhung | Kwanbuk, Kwannam (3) | Hamgyŏng dialect | Hamgyŏngbuk Hamgyŏngnam |
| Hwanghae | Hwanghae | 황해도 | 黃海道 | Hwangju (황주 黃州), Haeju (해주 海州) |
Haeju | Haeso | Hwanghae dialect | Hwanghae (4) |
| Jeolla | Chŏlla | 전라도 | 全羅道 | Jeonju (전주 全州), Naju (나주 羅州)(5) |
Jeonju | Honam | Jeolla dialect; Jeju language (6) |
Jeollabuk Jeollanam |
| Pyeongan | P'yŏngan | 평안도 | 平安道 | Pyongyang (평양 平壤), Anju (안주 安州) |
Pyongyang | Kwanso | Pyongan dialect | P'yŏnganbuk P'yŏngannam |
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- Notes
Districts of Late Joseon
In 1895, Korea was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; 府), each named for the city or county that was its capital. The districts were short-lived, however, as the following year, the provincial system was restored (see below).
Each district name in the following list links to the article on the province from which the district was formed, and where more detailed information on the district is provided:
Provinces of the Korean Empire
In 1896, the former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan) being divided into North and South Provinces (Bukdo (북도; 北道) and Namdo (남도; 南道) respectively). The resulting system of thirteen provinces lasted until the Division of Korea in 1945.
The thirteen provinces were: North and South Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, North and South Gyeongsang, North and South Hamgyŏng, Hwanghae, North and South Jeolla, and North and South P'yŏngan.
Provinces under Japanese Colonial rule
Under Japanese rule, Korean provinces remained much the same, only taking on the Japanese reading of the hanja. The Provinces of Chōsen were:
| Japanese name | Kana | Hanja/Kanji | Korean name | Hangul |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chūsei-hokudō | ちゅうせいほくどう | 忠清北道 | Chungcheong-bukdo | 충청북도 |
| Keishō-hokudō | けいしょうほくどう | 慶尚北道 | Gyeongsang-bukdo | 경상북도 |
| Chūsei-nandō | ちゅうせいなんどう | 忠淸南道 | Chungcheong-namdo | 충청남도 |
| Keishō-nandō | けいしょうなんどう | 慶尚南道 | Gyeongsang-namdo | 경상남도 |
| Heian-hokudō | へいあんほくどう | 平安北道 | Pyeongan-bukdo | 평안북도 |
| Kōgendō | こうげんどう | 江原道 | Gangwondo | 강원도 |
| Heian-nandō | へいあんなんどう | 平安南道 | Pyeongan-namdo | 평안남도 |
| Kōkaidō | こうかいどう | 黃海道 | Hwanghaedo | 황해도 |
| Kankyō-hokudo | かんきょうほくどう | 咸鏡北道 | Hamgyeong-bukdo | 함경북도 |
| Zenra-hokudō | ぜんらほくどう | 全羅北道 | Jeolla-bukdo | 전라북도 |
| Kankyō-nandō | かんきょうなんどう | 咸鏡南道 | Hamgyeong-namdo | 함경남도 |
| Zenra-nandō | ぜんらなんどう | 全羅南道 | Jeolla-namdo | 전라남도 |
| Keikidō | けいきどう | 京畿道 | Gyeonggido | 경기도 |
Provincial divisions since the division of Korea
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At the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into Northern Korea and Southern Korea under trusteeship of the Soviet Union and the United States. (See Division of Korea for more information.) The peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel in 1945. In 1948, the two zones became the independent countries of North Korea and South Korea.
Three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon—were divided by the 38th parallel.
- Most of Hwanghae Province belonged to the Northern zone. The southern portion became part of Gyeonggi Province in the south.
- Most of Gyeonggi Province belonged to the Southern zone. In 1946, the northern portion became part of Hwanghae Province in the north (see next item).
- Gangwon Province was divided roughly in half, to form modern-day Gangwon Province in South Korea and Kangwon Province in North Korea. The northern province is expanded in 1946 to include some area around the city of Wonsan (Originally part of South Hamgyong Province)
Also in 1946, the cities of Seoul in the south and Pyongyang in the north separated from Gyeonggi and South Pyongan Provinces respectively to become Special Cities. Both North Korea and South Korea upgraded cities to a level equals to a province, these cities are sometimes counted along with provinces. See Special cities of North Korea and Special cities of South Korea.
Finally, the new provinces of Jeju Province (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang Province (in the north, 1949) were formed, from parts of South Jeolla and North Pyongan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province split from South Hamgyong.
The following table lists the present provincial divisions in the Korean Peninsula.
- Notes
- 1see Names of Seoul
See also
Notes
^ Sources include Nahm 1988; (in Korean).
References
- Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). Korea: Tradition and Transformation - A History of the Korean People. Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International.
External links
- Map North Korea
- Map South Korea***DEAD LINK***