Koreans in the Arab world

Koreans in the Arab world
Total population
16,461[1]
Regions with significant populations
 United Arab Emirates 5,665[2]
 Saudi Arabia 2,821[3]
 Qatar 2,184[4]
 Algeria 1,158[5]
 Kuwait 1,000[6]
 Egypt 995[7]
 Jordan 592[8]
 Oman 468[9]
 Morocco 369[10]
 Bahrain 282[11]
 Tunisia 196[12]
 Syria 162[13]
 Iraq 113[14]
 Yemen 112[15]
 Libya 111[16]
 Sudan 101[17]
 Lebanon 76[18]
 Mauritania 43[19]
 Palestine 13[20]
Languages
Korean, Arabic, English, French
Religion
Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Korean diaspora

Koreans in the Arab world used to form a major part of the worldwide Korean diaspora. Koreans started coming to the Arab world in large numbers in 1974 as migrant labourers; between 1975 and 1985, 1.1 million Koreans came for work, which made it the third-most popular destination for Korean emigrants.[21] Eventually, most returned home or moved on to other countries, and as of 2011, the South Korean government's own figures showed only about sixteen thousand of their nationals living in the region. However, South Korean nationals are present in all of the region's countries, and North Korean workers also have a growing presence in several of them.[1]

History

Though Korea had a long history of trading contact with the Arab world by means of intermediaries, there were no recorded Korean visitors before 1959, when two Korean Muslims went to Mecca for the hajj.[22] In 1974, the first South Korean firm won a contract in the region, for highway construction in Saudi Arabia, and imported 218 South Korean construction workers, the first Korean residents, to assist in the project. The following year, 3,593 South Koreans went to Saudi Arabia for work. By 1977, migrants to Saudi Arabia alone composed nearly one-fifth of all registered emigration from South Korea, making it the third-most popular destination for emigrants (the top two being Japan and the United States, each of which had longstanding Korean communities, Korean Americans and Zainichi Koreans).[23]

The growth in the South Korean migrant worker population reflected a deliberate policy of the government to promote manpower exports; they had established a special department for this purpose as early as the mid-1960s, and in the 1970s, construction enterprises were given priority in order to facilitate their entry into overseas markets.[24] Over two dozen South Korean companies employed migrant labour, the largest such employer being Hyundai Construction; Koreans were described as having a "competitive advantage" over workers of other nationalities due to their discipline and level of skill, which some commentators attributed to South Korea's practise of universal male conscription. Unlike their Western competitors, Koreans worked around the clock in shifts; huge lighting systems were installed to facilitate night work.[25] A survey of migrants showed that 73% were between 25 and 40 years old; under half (48%) of the regular workers were married, while 69% of contract workers were.[26]

The receiving countries were concerned about the effect that long-term residence of migrant workers could have on their societies; they preferred Korean workers because they were unaccompanied by family members and so stayed only for short periods.[27] The typical length of an assignment in the region was three years.[25] Migration to the region would peak in 1982 and 1983.[21] Wages were around four to five million won, roughly twice what could be earned in South Korea at the time, and workers typically remitted 80% of their salaries. Families used saved remittances to purchase houses or start businesses. However, migration was not a success for everyone: roughly one-in-ten workers returned from the Middle East reported a decrease in income, usually due to inability to find suitable work. The hot, dry climate and long work hours also resulted in health problems for many workers, and the medical bills whittled away at their savings.[28]

Several factors in the late 1980s contributed to decreasing the amount of Korean migration. Increasing labour unrest initiated by South Korean workers provided one stimulus for the localisation of the workforce.[29] South Korea's rising labour costs were another reason. During the latter half of the 1980s, the proportion of Korean labourers working on construction projects for Hyundai declined from 70% to only 20-30% during the 1980s, with the shortfall being taken up by local labourers instead.[21][30] By 1990, only 56,000 South Korean migrant workers went abroad to any destination, a drop of over 70% since 1982.[31] By 1992, the wage gap between South Korea and the rich countries of the Middle East had largely disappeared.[32] The South Korean population would shrink over the following decade before rebounding slightly to 13,008 by 2009. Over the next two years, the population would show rapid growth of nearly 27%, reaching 16,461 by 2011. Nearly three-quarters of that recent population growth was driven by increased migration to the United Arab Emirates.[1][33]

Furthermore, in an echo of the South Korean policy of the 1970s and 1980s, the North Korean government has also been sending its workers abroad to earn hard currency for their country recently. As of 2009, there were estimated to be six thousand North Korean workers in various Arab countries, including Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen; like the South Koreans two decades earlier, they also work primarily in construction-related trades such as welding and carpentry.[34]

By country

Bahrain

Bahrain was a minor destination for South Korean migrant workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[21] South Korea used to have an embassy in Bahrain from 1976 to 1999, but closed it in a round of cost-cutting measures after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, South Korean companies continued to do business in various fields in Bahrain, including construction, heavy industry, power, desalination plants and electronic engineering.[35] In 2001, there were only about 70 South Koreans in Bahrain, primarily corporate assignees. However, the small population was enough to support a single Korean supermarket as well as a few Korean restaurants.[36] As of 2011, South Korean consular statistics recorded 282 of their nationals living in Bahrain. Four had Bahraini nationality, while the other 278 were on temporary visas. Their population grew by about 15% since 2009. There were no international students.[11] However, in 2012, in 2012, Bahrain and South Korea signed an agreement on promoting study abroad exchanges between the two countries.[35]

Egypt

Egypt was a relatively minor destination for Korean migrant workers.[21] The Cairo Korean School, founded on 5 December 1979, is one of the region's few Korean day schools; it enrolled 27 students at the elementary level as of 2007.[37] However, their student numbers have been falling, and from 2002 until 2008 they did not even hold any graduation ceremony.[38] There is also a Korean church in Cairo, which conducts various outreach activities.[39] As of 2011, South Korean consular statistics recorded 995 of their nationals or former nationals living in Egypt, with 886 in Cairo and surroundings, and 109 living in other parts of the country. 21 are Egyptian nationals, 65 are international students, and 909 have other kinds of visas. Their population has remained roughly stable since 2009.[7]

The Korean School in Cairo (카이로한국학교), a South Korean international school, is in New Cairo.[40]

Iraq

The first group of nine South Korean workers arrived in Iraq in 1975; however, until the end of 1980, only a total of 1,958 registered emigrants went to the country. However, their numbers would increase along with the intensification of the Iran–Iraq War; from 1981 until 1985, Iraq was consistently the second to fourth-most popular Arab world destination for South Korean migrant labourers, a total of whom 66,665 went to the country during that period.[21] In March 2003, then-president Roh Moo-hyun agreed to dispatch a contingent of ROK army engineers to Iraq.[41] Later the South Koreans expanded their presence, creating an entirely new division, the Zaytun Division, consisting of 3,600 troops; they were sent to Iraq in September 2004. As of March 2007, about 1,600 remained; another 400 were expected to return home in April, with the others departing by the end of the year.[42][43] There were also 113 South Korean civilians in Iraq as of 2011.[14] There are no registered schools for Korean nationals in Iraq.[44]

Jordan

Jordan was only a minor destination for South Korean migrant workers in the 1970s and 1980s. The first group of 90 migrant workers arrived in 1975; from then until 1985, a total of 12,544 came to the country. The number reached its peak with 2,404 in 1980 but fell to less than a quarter that level by 1985.[21] By 2011, the country had the Arab world's seventh-largest Korean population. From 356 in 2009, the number of South Korean nationals grew by 66% to 592 in 2011. Among them, 48 were international students, while 544 held other types of visas; none had become Jordanian nationals. The vast majority (556, or 94%) lived in Amman or its surroundings, with another 14 living at Irbid, and 22 in other places.[8][33]

South Koreans in the country pursue a variety of professions. Some are interested in investing in construction projects in the country.[45] The Korea International Cooperation Agency has been sending Korean language instructors to the University of Jordan and other universities in the country since 2002.[46] More controversially, some of the South Koreans in Jordan are missionaries. By 2004, there were estimated to be at least 30 South Korean Christian missionary families living in Amman. Many had previously lived in Iraq but left the country under pressure from the South Korean government; after their arrival in Jordan, they often worked with Iraqi migrants and refugees in the country in an effort to convert them.[47] One well-known South Korean who grew up in Jordan and naturalised as a citizen there is Won Ho Chung, an Arabic-speaking comedian who rose to fame in the region through the Axis of Evil Comedy Tour in 2007.[48][49]

Kuwait

Koreans in Kuwait first arrived in 1975 as employees of South Korean construction companies, although the two countries did not establish formal relations until June 1979.[50][51] By this time, Kuwait had already become the second-most popular Middle Eastern destination for Korean workers behind Saudi Arabia; by that time, 13,813 Korean workers had already come to Kuwait. However, Kuwait would soon lose the second-place position, being surpassed by Libya in 1981 and Iraq in 1982.[21][23] Koreans in Kuwait generally did not receive a welcome from or assimilate to the local society; in common with Indians, Filipinos, and Pakistanis, they were described as being at the bottom of the social structure, "ridiculed and stripped of their rights".[52] Nor did they spend much of their money locally; as meals and housing were provided for them in their work camps, it was estimated that they remitted 80% of their earnings back to South Korea.[53] In spite of these difficulties, between 1975 and 1985, 63,898 South Korean workers came to Kuwait, and as late as 1990, roughly 10,000 were estimated to remain.[21] Kuwait's only school for Korean nationals, the Kuwait Hangul School, was established in 1991.[54] Most South Koreans returned home in the following decade, and as of 2011, only 1,000 South Korean nationals resided in the country. There were no known former South Korean nationals with Kuwaiti nationality; six were international students, and the remainder had other kinds of visas.[6]

There was formerly a small contingent of South Korean soldiers in Kuwait, who numbered 170.[50] South Korean civilian employees from the United States Army's Camp Casey in Dongducheon, Gyeonggi-do have been deployed to bases in Kuwait, including Camp Arifjan, in support of the US Army.[55] In 2005, a group calling itself Kuwait Mujahideen claimed to have killed a Korean national as part of an attack on a US Army base in Umm Al-Hayman near Al Ahmadi.[56]

North Korean companies have established a greater presence in Kuwait recent years, and the government of South Korea estimated that there are roughly three or four thousand North Korean construction workers in the country as of 2004.[50][57] Air Koryo, the national airline of North Korea, began operating weekly flights between Pyongyang and Kuwait City in 2011.[58]

Libya

Though Libya did not receive its first South Korean workers until 1977, it quickly became a popular destination; it was the only Arab country which experienced consistent growth in the number of Korean workers between 1981 and 1985, and by 1985 it had already become the Arab world's second most popular destination, with 23,138 arrivals from South Korea. In total, from 1977 until 1985, 103,953 South Koreans came to Libya.[21] However, virtually all returned home, and as of 2009, it was estimated that only 854 South Korean nationals lived in the country.[33] The South Korean population fell a further 87% in the next two years, leaving just 111 South Koreans in the country.[16] Libya also has a Korean weekend school, founded in 2000; it enrolled 22 students from kindergarten to high school levels as of 2007.[59]

North Korea also dispatched labourers to Libya in the 1980s and 1990s; a batch of Northern construction workers arrived in Libya in 2008. There were estimated to be roughly 200 North Korean expatriates in Libya as of 2011.[60] Among them are construction workers, doctors, and nurses. They were not evacuated during the Libyan civil war that year. South Korean official media reported that Pyongyang had explicitly ordered their nationals in Libya and Egypt not to return home.[61]

Qatar

South Korea and Qatar established diplomatic relations in 1974, and two years later, the South Korean embassy opened in Doha.[62] Qatar was never a major destination for South Korean labourers; the first group of 636 workers did not arrive until 1976, and until 1985, only a total of 12,816 South Korean emigrants chose Qatar as their destination.[21] Unlike in other countries in the region, Korean workers in Qatar did not just come as employees of Korean companies, but also as subcontractors of Japanese companies as well.[63] Qatar Airways is one of the major employers of South Koreans in Qatar.[64] As of 2011, South Korean consular statistics showed 2,184 of their nationals or former nationals living in the country, a decrease of 7.7% since 2009. 1,383 lived in Doha, 467 in Mesaieed, and 334 in Al Khor. Five were Qatari nationals, 112 were international students, and the remaining 2,067 had other types of visas.[4]

In addition, an estimated 3,000 North Koreans lived in the country as of 2015.[65] This accounted for approximately 40% of the working population of North Korean in the Persian Gulf region at that time.[65] North Korean workers are reported to be among the lowest paid in the country, earning US$170/month, less than even Nepali migrants; they perform low-skilled work such as plastering and bricklaying. Their lives are subject to a great deal of official constraint, and they try to avoid contact with the South Koreans.[66] There were no registered schools for Korean nationals in Qatar as of 2007.[44]

Saudi Arabia

South Korea established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia in 1962, and opened an embassy in Jeddah in 1973, which would later move to Riyadh.[67] Labour relations were especially a source of friction in Saudi Arabia; one eyewitness account by an American expatriate claims that Hyundai's management called in the Saudi military to put down a strike at the Jubail port construction project, and that the army then proceeded to arrest and execute several workers.[29][68] Korean workers were also not afforded the opportunity for much social contact with their host population, though a few did convert to Islam.[22] Migration to the country would peak in 1982 and 1983, with over 122,000 South Koreans entering Saudi Arabia in each of those years, making up over 70% of Korean migration to the region. However, by 1985, the number of South Koreans entering Saudi Arabia had fallen to 58,924, paralleling a downward trend in the whole region.[21] Saudi Arabia's first school for South Korean nationals was established in 1992 in Jeddah; as of 2007, it enrolled a total of 23 children at the kindergarten level.[69]

In 1998, South Korea closed their consulate in Jeddah. There was no known North Korean presence, and North Korea does not maintain diplomatic relations with the kingdom.[67] As of 2011, South Korean government figures showed 2,821 of their nationals or former nationals in the country, up by about 40% from 2,014 in 2011. This made them the second-largest Korean population in the region, having surpassed the population in Qatar which shrank during the same period. 43 were Saudi nationals, 65 were international students, and the remaining 2,713 had other kinds of visas. 1,479 lived in Damman, 607 in Riyadh, 394 in Jeddah, 134 in Medina, 100 in Jizan, and 11 in 'Asir Province.[3][33]

There are two Korean international schools in Saudi Arabia: Korean International School of Jeddah (KISJ; 젯다한국국제학교) and Korean School in Riyadh (리야드한국학교).[70][71]

United Arab Emirates

Number of North Korean migrant workers in Asia

The United Arab Emirates received a small contingent of Korean migrant workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but it was never a major destination.[21] However, due to rapid growth since 2005, the country has come to have the Arab world's largest Korean population.[2] As of 2008, there were roughly 2,500 South Koreans living in Dubai alone, largely businessmen working at the 90 Korean companies which operated in the country.[72] Rapid population growth continued through 2011; by that year, South Korean consular statistics showed 5,665 of their nationals or former nationals living in the UAE, giving it the region's largest South Korean population, with more than twice as large a population as that in Saudi Arabia. Five were Emirati nationals, fourteen were international students, and the rest had other types of visas. 3,276 lived in Dubai, 1,982 in Abu Dhabi, 141 in Sharjah, 83 in Ajman, 67 in Ras al-Khaimah, 36 in Fujairah, and 22 in Umm al-Quwain.[2]

Many South Koreans in the UAE are flight attendants working for Emirates Airlines; the number of Koreans working for Emirates Airlines increased from 15 in 1998 to 620 as of 2007, mostly based out of Dubai. Dubai has the UAE's largest community of South Koreans.[73] However, a consulate was not opened in Dubai until March 2008.[74] In Abu Dhabi, Reem Investments plans to develop a residential complex for South Korean expatriates on Al Reem Island, and have engaged Gansam Architects of Seoul to design its 22,000 square metres (240,000 sq ft) cultural centre.[75]

There are also believed to be roughly 1,300 North Korean workers in the UAE, primarily in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. They earn between US$300 and $500 per month, but have to make so-called "loyalty payments" of $150 to $250 to the North Korean government. This has sparked discontent among the workers; in response, the North Korean government has sent security agents to patrol North Korean work camps and keep an eye out for people making critical comments.[34] In 2010, a branch of the Pyongyang Okryugwan Restaurant opened in Dubai, staffed by waitresses from North Korea; the restaurant earns hard currency to supplement the North Korean state budget.[76]

Other countries

Other countries which received Korean migrant workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s include Yemen, Oman, and Sudan.[21] There are Korean weekend schools in Mauritania (Nouadhibou), Morocco (Rabat and Agadir) and Tunisia (Tunis).[44]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 MOFAT 2011, pp. 263–294; statistics for MOFAT's "Middle East Region" (중동지역), less Israel and Iran, plus Algeria which it classifies under "Africa Region" (아프리카지역)
  2. 1 2 3 MOFAT 2011, pp. 277–279
  3. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, pp. 272–273
  4. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 291
  5. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 322. 903 live at Oran, 159 at Algiers, 79 at Skikda, and 40 at Boughezoul. This represents rapid growth since 2009, when only 183 South Korean nationals were recorded as living in the country.
  6. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 292; Cheongwadae 2007, President Roh Moo-hyn's State Visit to the State of Kuwait also states there may be as many as 4,000 North Korean workers in the country, which if correct, would give Kuwait the second-largest Korean population in the region
  7. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 290
  8. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 283
  9. ↑ MOFAT 2011, pp. 281–282
  10. ↑ MOFAT 2011, pp. 267–279
  11. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 271
  12. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 293
  13. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 276
  14. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 284
  15. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 280
  16. 1 2 MOFAT 2011, p. 266
  17. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 274; note that the statistics predate the independence of South Sudan
  18. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 265
  19. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 270
  20. ↑ MOFAT 2011, p. 289; in the 2011 report, the population figure for Palestine was listed as a subtotal under Israel, in contrast to the practise in the 2009 report (MOFAT 2009), in which it appeared as a separate country. Nine South Korean nationals were recorded as living at Bethlehem, and four at Ramallah.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Seok 1991, pp. 56–58
  22. 1 2 Baker 2006
  23. 1 2 Bonacich & Light 1991, pp. 105–106
  24. ↑ Park 1998, pp. 122–123
  25. 1 2 Steers 1999, pp. 107–119
  26. ↑ Seok 1991, pp. 58–59
  27. ↑ Park 1998, p. 122
  28. ↑ Seok & Yang 1992, p. 106
  29. 1 2 Halliday 1984
  30. ↑ Kwon & O'Donnell 2001, pp. 104–105
  31. ↑ Park 1998, pp. 121–122
  32. ↑ Seok & Yang 1992, p. 111
  33. 1 2 3 4 MOFAT 2009
  34. 1 2 "N. Korean Workers Brave Hard Times in UAE", Chosun Ilbo, 2009-12-25, retrieved 2009-12-29
  35. 1 2 "New education exchange plans are on the way", Gulf Daily News, 2012-02-06, retrieved 2012-04-30
  36. ↑ "바레인 한인사회". Korea Times. 2001-10-25. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  37. ↑ NIIED 2007, 카이로한국학교
  38. ↑ "카이로 한국학교 8년만의 졸업식/Cairo Korean school holds first graduation ceremony in 8 years", Yonhap News, 2009-02-20, retrieved 2009-09-19
  39. ↑ "세계 속 한민족 : 이집트 한인 교회 여성 봉사대 가난한 집 아기 씻기고 분 발라줘/Koreans around the world: Egypt Korean church women's service team helps babies of low-income families", JoongAng Ilbo, 2005-03-08, retrieved 2009-09-19
  40. ↑ Home. Korean School in Cairo (카이로한국학교). August 1, 2015. Retrieved on September 21, 2015. "48 Rd 1st Zone 6th Area New Cairo, Egypt"
  41. ↑ Hwang, Balbina (2004-02-13), "South Korean Troops to Iraq: A Boost for U.S.-ROK Relations", Heritage Foundation WebMemo (427), retrieved 2009-05-22
  42. ↑ Lee, Chi-dong (2007-03-13), "South Korean troops asked to stay longer in Iraq", Yonhap News, retrieved 2007-04-26
  43. ↑ "South Koreans detained by Iraq insurgents released", People's Daily, 2004-04-09, retrieved 2007-04-26
  44. 1 2 3 NIIED 2007
  45. ↑ "김의장, 요르단 교포 격려", Maeil Business Newspaper, 2009-02-21, retrieved 2012-02-24
  46. ↑ Jeong, Jae-su (2006-09-26), "요르단 국립대학 한국어과 개설", Dongpo News, retrieved 2012-02-25
  47. ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (2004-11-01), "Korean Missionaries Carrying Word to Hard-to-Sway Places", The New York Times, retrieved 2012-02-25
  48. ↑ Mossalli, Marriam (2011-06-15), Arab News http://www.arabnews.com/lifestyle/offbeat/article455379.ece, retrieved 2012-02-25 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ Bharadwaj, Vinita (2012-05-09), "A Multicultural Comic Wows Arab Crowds With an Insider's Touch", The New York Times, retrieved 2012-05-10
  50. 1 2 3 Cheongwadae 2007, President Roh Moo-hyn's State Visit to the State of Kuwait
  51. ↑ MacKellar 1982
  52. ↑ Mohammed 2003, p. 21
  53. ↑ Mohammed 2003, p. 20
  54. ↑ NIIED 2007, 쿠웨이트한글학교
  55. ↑ Choi, Jin (2011-01-10), "Casey Exchange employee among first Koreans to serve soldiers abroad", Army.mil, retrieved 2012-02-25
  56. ↑ Suh, Jung-min (2005-01-16), "Seoul denies Korean soldier was killed in Kuwait", JoongAng Ilbo, retrieved 2012-02-25
  57. ↑ "About 3,000 North Korean Construction Workers in Kuwait: KOTRA", YON - Yonhap News Agency of Korea, 2004-11-27, retrieved 2009-05-22
  58. ↑ O'Carroll, Chad (2014-03-27). "North Korea’s Air Koryo resumes Pyongyang–Kuwait service". NKNews.org. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  59. ↑ NIIED 2007, 재리비아주말한글학교
  60. ↑ Yi, Yeong-jong (2011-02-25), "리비아 북한인 200명 왜 철수 안 시키나 [Why the 200 North Koreans in Libya are not being evacuated]", JoongAng Ilbo, retrieved 2011-02-26
  61. ↑ "N. Koreans in Libya banned from returning home", Yonhap News, 2011-10-26, retrieved 2011-10-30
  62. ↑ Cheongwadae 2007, President Roh Moo-hyun's Official Visit to the Qatar
  63. ↑ CFR 1980, p. 28
  64. ↑ Leach, Hannah Stuart (2011-10-06), "Competition high for 'flying girls'", Korea Herald, retrieved 2012-04-30
  65. 1 2 "Around 3,000 North Koreans in Qatar". The Peninsula Qatar. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  66. ↑ "How's the Kimchi? Secret Lives of North Korean Workers Abroad", Radio Free Asia, 2007-01-17, retrieved 2007-04-25
  67. 1 2 Cheongwadae 2007, President Roh Moo-hyn's Official Visit to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  68. ↑ Collins 2003, pp. 100–101
  69. ↑ NIIED 2007, 젯다한국학교병설한글학교
  70. ↑ "Home." Korean International School of Jeddah (젯다한국국제학교). Retrieved on September 21, 2015. "주소 : P.O.BOX 4322, Jeddah 21491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."
  71. ↑ Home. Riyadh Korean School. Retrieved on September 21, 2015.
  72. ↑ "South Korea to open consulate in Dubai", Khaleej Times, 2008-02-26, retrieved 2009-05-22
  73. ↑ "Korean Female Crew Capture Middle East", Chosun Ilbo, 2007-05-04, retrieved 2007-05-04
  74. ↑ About us, The Consulate General of the Republic of Korea in Dubai, retrieved 2009-05-22
  75. ↑ Ferris-Lay, Claire (2012-01-17), "Reem Island inks construction deal with Koreans", Construction Week, retrieved 2012-08-22
  76. ↑ Kenyon, Peter (2010-12-31), Dubai Restaurant Offers A Taste of North Korea, retrieved 2012-03-10

Sources

Data tables and directories

External links

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