Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair
The Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair was a political and personal feud in the 1970s fought between the then Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky and the Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal arising from Kreisky's ministerial appointments and the SS past of Freedom Party leader Friedrich Peter, which had been revealed by Wiesenthal.
Political development in Austria in the 1970s
Bruno Kreisky's Socialist Party had been ruling Austria since 1970, with an absolute majority since the 1971 general election. In 1975, their re-election was quite unsure, so Kreisky secretly struck a deal with the right-wing Freedom Party´s leader Friedrich Peter on building a government together if the socialists failed to achieve an absolute majority of seats in the National Council. This however, proved unnecessary, when Kreisky's party managed to maintain its majority. Simon Wiesenthal, by contrast, was a well-known supporter of the conservative Austrian People's Party.
Wiesenthal's accusations
Kreisky, a Jew who had been persecuted by the Gestapo because of his political beliefs and Jewish birth[1] and after that spent all of World War II in Sweden, formed his minority government after a close victory in the 1970 election. Wiesenthal soon pointed out that five of his appointed ministers had a Nazi past, one of them, Minister for the Interior Otto Rösch, even for neo-Nazi activities after the war. Kreisky however, publicly defended his appointments claiming that because of his own past as refugee and political prisoner he could very well forgive former Nazis, if they were democrats now. Wiesenthal, on the contrary, stated that "the Nazis could live, the Nazis could die, but they should not govern us"".[2] In 1975, Wiesenthal had done some research about Kreisky's would-be coalition partner, and showed his report to president Rudolf Kirchschläger, who urged him not to publish it before the election, because the Austrian people would see this as a foreign interference in their democracy. Wiesenthal agreed. Four days after the election, however, Wiesenthal revealed what he had found out about Peter's wartime years. His report showed that Peter had been an officer in the SS and had served as Obersturmführer at Infantry regiment 10 of the 1. SS infantry brigade. This unit was part of the Einsatzgruppen, which shot hundreds of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe in 1941. Peter, who never denied having been a member of the SS, however said that he didn't take part in any mass killings, claiming he was not on duty during the massacres.
Kreisky attacking Wiesenthal
Bruno Kreisky, never a very diplomatic character, not only fully supported Peter politically, but went on to attack Wiesenthal instead. Not only did he publicly support Peter, but he claimed Wiesenthal was a crypto-racist who himself was responsible for Anti-Semitism in Austria.[3] On a party conference, his secretary Leopold Gratz attacked claiming that Wiesenthal was operating a "secret police and surveillance center"[4] and was in no way allowed to defame democratically elected politicians. Kreisky later on said that Wiesenthal "makes a living telling the world that Austria is anti-Semitic. What else can he do?" He went on to call Wiesenthal a former Gestapo agent,[4] based on Czechoslovakian intelligence papers which turned out to be fakes years later and he wanted a parliamentary investigation of Wiesenthal's Jewish Documentary Center in Vienna. He fiercely attacked Wiesenthal that the latter was employing mafia methods.[5]
It became a fierce battle between Austria's two most famous living Jews about Austria's dealing with its Nazi past, about supporting Israel and about Jewish identity in Austria after the war. It climaxed in Kreisky arguing that he "was no longer Jewish" and Wiesenthal's response that "the only Austrian, who does not believe Kreisky is Jewish is Kreisky himself".[2] In an interview with a Dutch journalist, the chancellor even stated that "the Jews are no people, and if they´re, they´re a lousy people". Kreisky and Heinz Fischer, now president of Austria, even considered a parliamentary inquiry on Wiesenthal and his center. Before the Austrian presidential elections in 2002, Fischer publicly apologized for his behavior in that context.
Legal action
Initially, Wiesenthal sued the chancellor for slander, but he dropped the case when Kreisky was persuaded by his party colleagues to drop at least part of his allegations, because it did damage to his image abroad.[6] A lead article in the weekly news magazine Profil assessed Kreisky's behavior towards Wiesenthal as immoral and undignified . The author was sued by the Chancellor and found guilty of defamation by Austrian courts; in 1986, the European Court of Human Rights, however, decided unanimously in favor of the journalist for reasons of Freedom of speech [7] The same year Kreisky renewed his allegations that Wiesenthal was a Gestapo collaborator, three years after leaving office and therefore no longer protected by parliamentary immunity. Wiesenthal himself sued again and the former Chancellor was found guilty of defamation and had to pay a fine of 270,000 ATS (US$25,000).[8][9]
Background
Unlike Wiesenthal, who had spent years in Nazi concentration camps and had lost most of his family there, Kreisky felt that he had never personally suffered as a Jew, but only as a socialist. Historians believe that Kreisky's forgiveness and relaxed attitude towards former Nazis dates from his time in the prisons of the Austrian Dollfuss regime in 1935. Many of his cellmates were Nazis and he accepted them as fellow political opponents of the Austro-Fascist government. It was one of these former cellmates who arranged Kreisky's escape to Sweden in 1938. Another factor was that Kreisky was an assimilated Jew from Vienna, who did not practise his faith and had nothing to do with the mostly very poor Eastern Jews that were considered inferior and embarrassing even by most of the Austrian Jews. "The eastern Jews are alien," Kreisky actually remarked.[2] That was, however, exactly Wiesenthal's background: He was born in Galicia and raised in a very religious way. He felt that being Jewish was more than a religious faith, for him it was a shared fate. Kreisky is also alleged to have deliberately used coded anti-semitic semantics to attract right-wing voters in Austria.[9]
Both men never spoke to each other again and both felt that they were right about their view about each other. Historian Tom Segev described the affair as triggered by both men's complex personalities: "Vienna was too small a city to hold two Jews with egos of this size, both of whom wished to be part of Austrian society".[10]
Aftermath
The Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair rehearsed many of the themes that resurfaced a decade later during the controversy around Kurt Waldheim.[3] Bruno Kreisky is still seen as a great statesman, his defense of Peter's wartime service in the SS is still shared by a substantial part of the Austrian population and Austrians are also today very critical of foreign interference in their political affairs, which sometimes leads to nationalism and resentment. This political climate supported the rise of Jörg Haider and the Freedom Party in the 1980s and 1990s.
References
- ↑
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Alan Levy: Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File. London, 2002
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Richard S. Levy: Antisemitism. A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. 2005 p. 770f.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stimmen zu Wiesenthal
- ↑ Michael Dov Goldhaber: A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights. New Jersey, 2007 p.80
- ↑ http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2005/sep/20/guardianobituaries.hellapick
- ↑ Michael Dov Goldhaber: A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights. New Jersey, 2007 p.81
- ↑ Goldhaber 2007 p.85
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 http://jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=382&PID=0&IID=1595
- ↑ Hunting Simon Wiesenthal. Haaretz, 09-08-2010: http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/hunting-simon-wiesenthal-1.312914