Kurt Daluege

Kurt Daluege
Daluege as an SS-Obergruppenführer, February 1936; wearing the pre-April 1942 rank insignia.
Chief of Ordnungspolizei (uniformed Police)
In office 26 June 1936 – 31 August 1943
Preceded by	Post created
Succeeded by	Alfred Wünnenberg
Deputy/Acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (Titular Protector was Konstantin von Neurath)
In office 5 June 1942 – 24 August 1943
Preceded by	Reinhard Heydrich (as Acting Protector)
Succeeded by	Wilhelm Frick (as Protector)
Personal details
Born	15 September 1897 Kreuzburg, Upper Silesia, German Empire (now Kluczbork, Poland)
Died	24 October 1946 (aged 49) Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)
Nationality	German
Political party	National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
Spouse(s)	Käthe Schwarz (married 1926)

Kurt Daluege (15 September 1897 – 24 October 1946) was a German Nazi SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer and Generaloberst of the Police (ranks equivalent to colonel-general, or four-star General) as chief of the national uniformed Ordnungspolizei (Order Police), and ruled the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as Deputy Protector after Reinhard Heydrich's assassination. After the end of World War II, he was extradited to Czechoslovakia, convicted as a war criminal and executed in 1946.^[1]

Early life and career

Daluege, son of a Prussian state official, was born in the small Upper Silesian town of Kreuzburg (now Kluczbork) on 15 September 1897.^[2] He entered the Imperial German Army in 1916 and served with the 7th Garde Infantry Regiment.^[3] He served on the Eastern Front. In October 1917, attended officer training in Doberitz. During his service on the Western Front, he was severely wounded in the head and shoulder. He was hospitalised and declared 25% disabled. Daluege was awarded the Iron Cross, second class (1918) and the Wound Badge in Black (1918).^[4]

1920s

After World War I, Daluege became leader of Selbstschutz Oberschlesien (SSOS) - Upper Silesian Self Defense  — an Upper Silesian veterans' organization engaged in combat with the Poles in that region. In 1921, he also became active in the Freikorps Rossbach while studying engineering at the Technical University in Berlin;^[2] where he eventually earned a civil engineering degree.^[5] Two years later he joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and was assigned Party number 31,981.^[6] In 1926 he joined the Sturmabteilung (SA), eventually becoming the leader of Berlin's SA and Goebbels' deputy Gauleiter (or Party leader) in Berlin.^[7] Throughout the period 1926—1929, Daluege led the Berlin-Brandenburg division of the SA.^[5]

SS and police leader

In July 1930, in accordance with Hitler's wishes, Daluege resigned from the SA and joined the SS with the rank of SS-Oberführer and SS membership number 1,119.^[6] His main responsibility was to spy on the SA and political opponents of the Nazi Party.^[8] Berlin SS headquarters was strategically placed at the corner of Lützowstrasse and Potsdamerstrasse, opposite the SA headquarters.^[9]

In August 1930, when Berlin SA leader Walter Stennes had his men attack the Berlin Party headquarters, it was Daluege's SS men who defended it and put the attack down. Sometime afterwards in an open letter to Daluege, Adolf Hitler proclaimed "SS Mann, deine Ehre heißt Treue!" (SS man, your honour is loyalty); and "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" (My honour is loyalty) was duly adopted by the SS as its motto.^[10] Hitler promoted both Daluege and Heinrich Himmler to SS-Obergruppenführer, with Daluege the SS leader of northern Germany while Himmler controlled the southern SS units out of Munich in addition to serving as national leader for the entire SS. In 1932 Daluege became a Nazi Party delegate in the Prussian state parliament, and in November 1932 was elected to the Reichstag representing the Berlin East electoral district, a seat he retained until 1945. At the same time, Hermann Göring moved Daluege to the Prussian Interior Ministry, where he took over the nonpolitical police with the rank of General der Polizei. Intrigue created by Göring, Himmler and Heydrich surrounding Ernst Röhm led to Daluege playing an important role in the infamous Night of the Long Knives during which Röhm along with many leading members of the SA were killed between 30 June to 2 July 1934. Thus neutralising the SA and shifting the balance of power within the party to the SS.^[1][11][12]

Evidence of Daluege's ruthlessness goes beyond his intrigue against his former SA comrades and are discernible in his remarks concerning anyone he considered a threat to society. He once argued that, "the consciously asocial enemies of the people (Volksfeinde)" must be eliminated by state intervention "if it hopes to prevent the outbreak of complete moral degeneration."^[13] Historian George Browder claims that Daluege "bragged that the Police Institute for detective training had especially been reorganized according to NS viewpoints" and that advancement within his organization was contingent to a considerable degree upon the internalization of Nazi ideology.^[14]

By November 1934, Daluege's authority over the uniformed police was extended beyond Prussia to encompass all of Germany.^[15] That meant he commanded municipal police forces, the rural gendarmerie, traffic police, the coastguard, the railway police, the postal protection service, fire brigades, the air-raid services, the emergency technical service, the broadcasting police, the factory protection police, building regulations enforcement, and the commercial police.^[16]

In 1936, the entire German police force was reorganized with the administrative functions previously exercised by the now largely defunct federal states reassigned to the nominal control of Reich Interior Ministry, but under the actual control of Himmler's SS.^[17] Making the most of his police expertise and coinciding his appointment, Daluege wrote and published a book entitled, National-sozialistischer Kampf gegen das Verbrechertum (NS Struggle against Criminality).^[11] That same year, Himmler appointed Daluege as chief of the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo), which gave him administrative, though not executive, authority over most of the uniformed police in Nazi Germany.^[18][19] He commanded the Orpo until 1943, rising to the rank of SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Polizei. By August 1939, the strength of the Orpo under Daluege's command and control had reached upwards of 120,000 active-duty personnel.^[20]

Further indications of the brutality coming from Deluege's office (Chief of the Ordnungspolizei), are shown in a report dated 5 September 1939 outlining the methods to be employed during pacification operations in Poland. Concerning uniformed police battalions for planned reprisal actions around the Polish town of Czestochowa, the report gave the following instructions: "the leader of this battalion is ordered to take the most drastic actions and measures such as those in the upper Silesian industrial area, the hanging of Polish franc-tireurs from light poles as a visible symbol for the entire population."^[21]

During the war in 1941, he attended a mass shooting of 4,435 Jews by Police-Battalion 307 near Brest-Litowsk and a mass shooting of Jews in Minsk. Further in October 1941, Daluege signed deportation orders for Jews from Germany, Austria and the Protectorate to Riga and Minsk.^[22] On 7 July 1942, he attended a conference led by Himmler which discussed the "enlargement" of Operation Reinhard, the secretive Nazi plan to mass-murder Polish Jews in the General Government district of occupied Poland and as to other matters involving SS and police policies in the east.^[23]

Personal life

On 16 Octomber 1926, Daluege married Käthe Schwarz (born 23 November 1901) who later became a member of the Nazi Party (member no. 118,363).^[24] In 1937, Daluege and his wife adopted a son. Afterwards, Daluege's wife bore three biological children, sons born in 1938 and 1940 and a daughter born in 1942.^[24]

Memorial in the Czech Republic to children of Lidice murdered on Daluege's orders

Lidice

In 1942 Daluege became the Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, following the assassination of Deputy Protector Reinhard Heydrich.^[25][26] Although Konstantin von Neurath was nominally Protector, he had been stripped of his authority in 1941, so Daluege was Acting Protector in all but name. In June 1942, along with Karl Hermann Frank and other SS operatives, he ordered the villages of Lidice and Ležáky razed to the ground in reprisal for Heydrich's death. All of the men in both villages were murdered, while many of the women and children were deported to Nazi concentration camps.^[1][27]

Daluege (right) in 1939, shaking hands with Heinrich Himmler (left). Hans Frank is also standing between the two men.

In May 1943, Daluege became seriously ill after a massive heart attack. In August, he was relieved of all of his day-to-day responsibilities and spent the rest of the war living on a property in western Pomerania given to him by Hitler.^[28]

Post-war and execution

In May 1945, he was arrested by British troops in Lübeck and interned in Luxembourg and then at Nuremberg where he was charged as "a major war criminal".^[23] In September 1946 after being extradited to Czechoslovakia, he was tried for his many war crimes committed in the Protectorate.^[23] Throughout his trial, Daluege was unrepentant, claiming that he was beloved by "three million policemen", only following Hitler's orders and that he had a clear conscience.^[29] He was convicted on all charges and sentenced to death on 23 October 1946. Daluege was hanged in Pankrác prison in Prague on 24 October 1946 after having attempted suicide previously.^[30][23]

Summary of SS career

Dates of promotion

• SS-Oberführer: 25 July 1930^[3]
• SS-Gruppenführer: 1 July 1932^[3]
• Generalmajor der Landespolizei: 14 September 1933^[3]
• SS-Obergruppenführer: 9 September 1934^[3]
• Generalleutnant der Landespolizei: 20 April 1935^[3]
• General der Polizei: 17 June 1936^[3]
• SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer und Generaloberst der Polizei: 20 April 1942^[3]

Decorations

• Iron Cross, second class (1918)^[31]
• Wound Badge in Black (1918)^[31]
• The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1929)
• Nuremberg Party Day Badge (1929)^[31]
• Brunswick Rally Badge (1931)^[31]
• Frontbann Badge (1932)^[31]
• SS Honour Ring (1933)^[31]
• Golden Nazi Party Badge (1934)^[31]
• German Olympic Decoration, 1st Class (1936)^[31]
• Anschluss Medal (1938)^[31]
• Order of the Crown of Italy, Grand Cross (1938)^[31]
• Police Long Service Award^[31]
• Memel Medal (1939)^[31]
• Sudetenland Medal (1939) with Prague Castle clasp (1939)^[31]
• Danzig Cross (1939)^[31]
• Nazi Party Long Service Award in bronze (1940) and in silver (1941)^[31]
• War Merit Cross with Swords, second class (1941) and first class (1941)^[31]
• German Cross in Silver (10 September 1942)^[31]
• Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross, with swords (7 September 1943)^[31]
• SS Long Service Award^[31]
• Sword of honour of the Reichsführer-SS^[31]

See also

• Glossary of Nazi Germany
• List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
• List of SS personnel

References

Citations

1. Stackelberg 2007, p. 189.
2. Wistrich 2001, p. 35.
3. Miller 2006, p. 216.
4. Miller 2006, pp. 216, 224.
5. Longerich 2012, p. 133.
6. Miller 2006, p. 215.
7. Read 2005, pp. 154–155.
8. Longerich 2012, pp. 133–134.
9. Koehl 2004, p. 55.
10. Weale 2012, pp. 59-61.
11. Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, p. 180.
12. For more details on this event see: Höhne (2001). The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, pp. 93-131.
13. Rabinbach & Gilman 2013, p. 335.
14. Browder 1996, pp. 99–100.
15. Weale 2012, p. 86.
16. Weale 2012, p. 133.
17. Longerich 2012, p. 204.
18. Longerich 2012, p. 240.
19. Bracher 1970, p. 353.
20. "Vortrag ueber die Deutsche Ordnungspolizei, Gehalten am 2. September 1940," T580 (Captured German Documents Microfilmed at the Berlin Document Center. Collection of the National Archives)/Roll 96. Cited from: Edward B. Westermann, "Friend and Helper: German uniformed police operations in Poland and the general government, 1939-1941", The Journal of Military History 58 no.4 (Oct 1994): 643.
21. "Der Chef der Ordnungspolizei, Berlin, den 5. September 1939," T580/Roll 96. Cited from: Edward B. Westermann, "Friend and Helper: German uniformed police operations in Poland and the general government, 1939-1941", The Journal of Military History 58 no.4 (Oct 1994): 643.
22. Miller 2006, pp. 219, 221, 223.
23. Miller 2006, p. 223.
24. Miller 2006, p. 225.
25. Snyder 1976, p. 61.
26. Bracher 1970, p. 347.
27. Burian, Michal; Aleš (2002). "Assassination — Operation Arthropoid, 1941-1942" (PDF). Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
28. McKale 2011, p. 104.
29. McKale 2011, pp. 104–105.
30. Some sources state he was hanged on 23 October 1946.
31. Miller 2006, p. 224.

Bibliography

• Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. New York: Praeger Publishers. ASIN B001JZ4T16.
• Browder, George (1996). Hitler’s Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510479-X.
• Höhne, Heinz (2001). The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3.
• Koehl, Robert (2004). The SS: A History 1919–45. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-75242-559-7.
• Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199592326.
• McKale, Donald M (2011). Nazis after Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-44221-316-6.
• Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 9-32970-037-3.
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• Snyder, Louis L (1976). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-73942-360-8.
• Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41530-861-8.
• Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0451237910.
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• Williamson, Gordon, The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror: The Full Story From Street Fighters to the Waffen-SS, Motorbooks International, (1994), ISBN 0-87938-905-2, ISBN 978-0-87938-905-5
• Wistrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who In Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41511-888-0.
• Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-897500-6.