Kyōgoku Takatsugu

Kyōgoku Takatsugu (京極 高次, 1560 – June 4, 1609) was a daimyo (feudal lord) of Ōmi Province and Wakasa Province during the late-Sengoku Period of Japan's history.^[1]

Life

Takatsugu is recognized as the founder of the modern Kyōgoku clan. His forebears had been powerful since the 13th century,^[2] but their fortunes had waned after the Ōnin War.^[3] Takatsugu is credited with restoring his family's lost prominence and position.

Takatsugu allied himself with Oda Nobunaga; and after Nobunaga's death, Takatsugu became a fudai (hereditary vassal) daimyo of the Toyotomi. Hideyoshi installed Takatsugu at Ōtsu castle (60,000 koku) in Ōmi province.^[1]

In 1600, he sided with the Tokugawa. On the same day as the Battle of Sekigahara, failed in his efforts at the Siege of Ōtsu, but Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at Sekigahara marginalized the consequences of that loss.^[4] In that same year, Takatsugu was rewarded with the fief of Obama (92,000 koku) in Wakasa province.^[1]

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the Kyōgoku were identified as tozama or outsiders, in contrast with the fudai daimyo who were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa.^[2] Despite this, Takatsugu prospered.

Family

The mon of the Kyōgoku clan

The tozama Kyōgoku claimed descent from Emperor Uda (868–897) by his grandson Minamoto no Masanobu (920–993).^[5] They represent a branch of the Sasaki clan who were adopted by the Seiwa Genji.^[3]

Takatsugu's wife, Ohatsu.

Takatsugu's father was Kyōgoku Takayoshi, and his mother was Azai Nagamasa's sister Maria. Takatsugu married Ohatsu, the second of three daughters of his uncle. Ohatsu's mother, Oichi, was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga. Takatsugu became a close relative by marrying Nobunaga's niece.^[6]

The older sister of Takatsugu's wife, Yodo-Dono, was the concubine of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and mother of Toyotomi Hideyori. Takatsugu's sister and Yodo-dono's cousin, Kyōgoku Tatsuko (or Matsunomaru-dono), was also became Hideyoshi's concubine. In marriage, Takatsugu became a brother-in-law of Hideyoshi.^[6]

The younger sister of Takatsugu's wife, Oeyo, was the wife of Tokugawa Hidetada and the mother of Iemitsu.^[6] In marriage, Takatsugu became a brother-in-law of Hidetada.^[1]

After Takatsugu's death in 1609, Ohatsu became a Buddhist nun, taking the name Jōkō-in (常高院).^[7] With connections to both the Toyotomi and the Tokugawa, the Ohatsu had long served as a liaison between the rivals. She continued in this role until 1615 when the Tokugawa eliminated the Toyotomi.

Kyōgoku Tadataka (1593–1637) was Takatsugu's son. In 1607, Tadataka married the fourth daughter of Shogun Hidetada. He died without leaving any heirs, which meant that his holdings reverted to the shogunate. However, the bakufu acted to continue his line by posthumously designating Kyōgoku Takakazu as an heir. Takakazu was Tadataka's nephew, the son of his brother Takamasa. Tadakazu was initially enfeoffed at Tatsuno (50,000 koku) in Harima province.^[1]

In 1658, Takakazu was transferred to Marugame in Sanuki province, where the contrived descendants of Takatsugu remained until the abolition of the han system in 1871. The head of this Kyōgoku clan branch were ennobled as an hereditary viscount in the Meiji period.^[1]

Notes

1. Papinot, Edmund. (2003). Nobiliare du Japon, pp. 27-28.
2. Appert, Georges. (1888). Ancien Japon, p.75.
3. Iwao, Seiichi. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon, p. 1704.
4. Bryant, Arthur J. (1995). Sekigahara 1600: the final struggle for power, pp. 44-47.
5. Plutschow, Herbert. (1995). "Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context, pp. 133-134.
6. "The silk coloured portrait of wife of Takatsugu Kyogoku," Digital Cultural Properties of Wakasa Obama; Ochinokata, Gifu prefecture website.
7. Ito, Eishiro. Nozen-zan Joko-ji temple, Atelier Atui website (Iwate Prefectural University).

References

• Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888). Ancien Japon. Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha.
• Bryant, Arthur J. (1995). Sekigahara 1600: the final struggle for power. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-395-7
• Iwao, Seiichi, Teizō Iyanaga, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida, et al. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. ISBN 978-2-7068-1632-1; OCLC 51096469
• Papinot, Edmund. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. Nobiliaire du japon (abridged version of 1906 text).