LGALS9

Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9
Rendering based on PDB 2EAK​.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2EAK​, 2EAL​, 2YY1​, 2ZHK​, 2ZHL​, 2ZHM​, 2ZHN​, 3LSD​, 3LSE​, 3NV1​, 3NV2​, 3NV3​, 3NV4​, 3WLU​, 3WV6​
Identifiers
Symbols	LGALS9 ; HUAT; LGALS9A
External IDs	OMIM: 601879 MGI: 109496 HomoloGene: 32078 ChEMBL: 5474 GeneCards: LGALS9 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • signal transducer activity • galactose binding • enzyme binding • carbohydrate binding Cellular component • intracellular • nucleus • cytoplasm • extracellular exosome Biological process • natural killer cell tolerance induction • inflammatory response • signal transduction • female pregnancy • negative regulation of gene expression • response to lipopolysaccharide • negative regulation of chemokine production • negative regulation of interferon-gamma production • negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production • positive regulation of interleukin-4 production • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling • negative regulation of mast cell degranulation • negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity • negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation • positive regulation of viral entry into host cell • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • maternal process involved in female pregnancy • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • response to interleukin-1 • cellular response to interferon-gamma • positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production • mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation • cellular response to virus • regulation of p38MAPK cascade • positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion • positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis • positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion • positive regulation of interleukin-12 secretion • positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3965	16859
Ensembl	ENSG00000168961	ENSMUSG00000001123
UniProt	O00182	O08573
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002308	NM_001159301
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002299	NP_001152773
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 27.63 – 27.65 Mb	Chr 11: 78.96 – 78.98 Mb
PubMed search

Galectin-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS9 gene.^[1][2]

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The protein encoded by this gene is an S-type lectin. This galectin is strongly overexpressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue and it might participate in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells and might thus play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease and/or its consistently associated immunodeficiency. The protein has N- and C- terminal carbohydrate-binding domains connected by a link peptide. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.^[2]

References

1. Tureci O, Schmitt H, Fadle N, Pfreundschuh M, Sahin U (Apr 1997). "Molecular definition of a novel human galectin which is immunogenic in patients with Hodgkin's disease". J Biol Chem 272 (10): 6416–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6416. PMID 9045665.
2. "Entrez Gene: LGALS9 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9 (galectin 9)".

Further reading

• Hirashima M, Kashio Y, Nishi N, et al. (2004). "Galectin-9 in physiological and pathological conditions". Glycoconj. J. 19 (7–9): 593–600. doi:10.1023/B:GLYC.0000014090.63206.2f. PMID 14758084.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Matsumoto R, Matsumoto H, Seki M, et al. (1998). "Human ecalectin, a variant of human galectin-9, is a novel eosinophil chemoattractant produced by T lymphocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (27): 16976–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.16976. PMID 9642261.
• Matsumoto R, Hirashima M, Kita H, Gleich GJ (2002). "Biological activities of ecalectin: a novel eosinophil-activating factor". J. Immunol. 168 (4): 1961–7. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1961. PMID 11823532.
• Kageshita T, Kashio Y, Yamauchi A, et al. (2002). "Possible role of galectin-9 in cell aggregation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell lines and its clinical significance". Int. J. Cancer 99 (6): 809–16. doi:10.1002/ijc.10436. PMID 12115481.
• Imaizumi T, Kumagai M, Sasaki N, et al. (2002). "Interferon-gamma stimulates the expression of galectin-9 in cultured human endothelial cells". J. Leukoc. Biol. 72 (3): 486–91. PMID 12223516.
• Asakura H, Kashio Y, Nakamura K, et al. (2003). "Selective eosinophil adhesion to fibroblast via IFN-gamma-induced galectin-9". J. Immunol. 169 (10): 5912–8. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5912. PMID 12421975.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Kashio Y, Nakamura K, Abedin MJ, et al. (2003). "Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway". J. Immunol. 170 (7): 3631–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3631. PMID 12646627.
• Abedin MJ, Kashio Y, Seki M, et al. (2003). "Potential roles of galectins in myeloid differentiation into three different lineages". J. Leukoc. Biol. 73 (5): 650–6. doi:10.1189/jlb.0402163. PMID 12714580.
• Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, et al. (2003). "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways". Oncogene 22 (21): 3307–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID 12761501.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Irie A, Yamauchi A, Kontani K, et al. (2005). "Galectin-9 as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (8): 2962–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0861. PMID 15837748.
• Kasamatsu A, Uzawa K, Nakashima D, et al. (2005). "Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines". Int. J. Mol. Med. 16 (2): 269–73. doi:10.3892/ijmm.16.2.269. PMID 16012760.
• Dai SY, Nakagawa R, Itoh A, et al. (2005). "Galectin-9 induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells". J. Immunol. 175 (5): 2974–81. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2974. PMID 16116184.
• Zhu C, Anderson AC, Schubart A, et al. (2006). "The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity". Nat. Immunol. 6 (12): 1245–52. doi:10.1038/ni1271. PMID 16286920.
• van de Weyer PS, Muehlfeit M, Klose C, et al. (2007). "A highly conserved tyrosine of Tim-3 is phosphorylated upon stimulation by its ligand galectin-9". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 351 (2): 571–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.079. PMID 17069754.