LOXL2

Lysyl oxidase-like 2
Identifiers
Symbols	LOXL2 ; LOR2; WS9-14
External IDs	OMIM: 606663 MGI: 2137913 HomoloGene: 1742 GeneCards: LOXL2 Gene
EC number	1.4.3.-
Gene ontology Molecular function • chromatin binding • transcription corepressor activity • protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity • scavenger receptor activity • copper ion binding • protein binding • electron carrier activity • methylated histone binding • oligosaccharide binding Cellular component • basement membrane • extracellular space • nucleus • nucleoplasm • chromosome • membrane Biological process • response to hypoxia • epithelial to mesenchymal transition • endothelial cell proliferation • sprouting angiogenesis • transcription, DNA-templated • cellular protein modification process • receptor-mediated endocytosis • cell adhesion • aging • histone modification • protein deamination • collagen fibril organization • positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation • endothelial cell migration • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • response to copper ion • oxidation-reduction process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4017	94352
Ensembl	ENSG00000134013	ENSMUSG00000034205
UniProt	Q9Y4K0	P58022
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002318	NM_033325
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002309	NP_201582
Location (UCSC)	Chr 8: 23.3 – 23.43 Mb	Chr 14: 69.61 – 69.7 Mb
PubMed search

Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LOXL2 gene.^[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.^[2]

LOXL2 can also crosslink collagen type IV and hence influence the sprouting of new blood vessels.^[3]

Clinical significance

LOXL2 is an enzyme that is up-regulated in several types of cancer and is associated with a poorer prognosis.^[4][5] LOXL2 changes the structure of histones (proteins that are attached to DNA)^[6] and thus changes the shape of the cells, making it easier for the cancer cells to metastasize.^[7]

An antibody that inhibits the activity of LOXL2, simtuzumab and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of several types of cancer and fibrotic diseases such as liver fibrosis.^[8]

See also

• LOXL1
• LOXL3
• LOXL4

References

1. Jourdan-Le Saux C, Le Saux O, Donlon T, Boyd CD, Csiszar K (Jul 1998). "The human lysyl oxidase-related gene (LOXL2) maps between markers D8S280 and D8S278 on chromosome 8p21.2-p21.3". Genomics 51 (2): 305–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5356. PMID 9722957.
2. "Entrez Gene: LOXL2 lysyl oxidase-like 2".
3. Bignon M, Pichol-Thievend C, Hardouin J, Malbouyres M, Bréchot N, Nasciutti L, Barret A, Teillon J, Guillon E, Etienne E, Caron M, Joubert-Caron R, Monnot C, Ruggiero F, Muller L, Germain S (2011). "Lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 regulates sprouting angiogenesis and type IV collagen assembly in the endothelial basement membrane". Blood 118: 3979–89. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-10-313296. PMID 21835952.
4. Nishioka T, Eustace A, West C (2012). "Lysyl oxidase: from basic science to future cancer treatment". Cell Struct. Funct. 37 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1247/csf.11015. PMID 22453058.
5. Cano A, Santamaría PG, Moreno-Bueno G (2012). "LOXL2 in epithelial cell plasticity and tumor progression". Future Oncol 8 (9): 1095–108. doi:10.2217/fon.12.105. PMID 23030485.
6. Herranz N, Dave N, Millanes-Romero A, Morey L, Díaz VM, Lórenz-Fonfría V, Gutierrez-Gallego R, Jerónimo C, Di Croce L, García de Herreros A, Peiró S (2012). "Lysyl oxidase-like 2 deaminates lysine 4 in histone H3". Molecular Cell 46 (3): 369–376. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.002. PMID 22483618.
7. Moreno-Bueno G, Salvador F, Martín A, Floristán A, Cuevas EP, Santos V, Montes A, Morales S, Castilla MA, Rojo-Sebastián A, Martínez A, Hardisson D, Csiszar K, Portillo F, Peinado H, Palacios J, Cano A (2011). "Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a new regulator of cell polarity required for metastatic dissemination of basal-like breast carcinomas". EMBO Mol Med 3 (9): 528–544. doi:10.1002/emmm.201100156. PMID 21732535.
8. "Search of: simtuzumab - List Results". ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved 25 February 2015.

Further reading

• Csiszar K (2001). "Lysyl oxidases: a novel multifunctional amine oxidase family". Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology 70: 1–32. doi:10.1016/S0079-6603(01)70012-8. ISBN 978-0-12-540070-1. PMID 11642359.
• Molnar J, Fong KS, He QP, Hayashi K, Kim Y, Fong SF, Fogelgren B, Szauter KM, Mink M, Csiszar K (Apr 2003). "Structural and functional diversity of lysyl oxidase and the LOX-like proteins". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1647 (1-2): 220–4. doi:10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00053-0. PMID 12686136.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Saito H, Papaconstantinou J, Sato H, Goldstein S (Mar 1997). "Regulation of a novel gene encoding a lysyl oxidase-related protein in cellular adhesion and senescence". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (13): 8157–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.13.8157. PMID 9079631.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1-2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Jourdan-Le Saux C, Tronecker H, Bogic L, Bryant-Greenwood GD, Boyd CD, Csiszar K (Apr 1999). "The LOXL2 gene encodes a new lysyl oxidase-like protein and is expressed at high levels in reproductive tissues". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (18): 12939–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12939. PMID 10212285.
• Hein S, Yamamoto SY, Okazaki K, Jourdan-LeSaux C, Csiszar K, Bryant-Greenwood GD (Jan 2001). "Lysyl oxidases: expression in the fetal membranes and placenta". Placenta 22 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1053/plac.2000.0580. PMID 11162352.
• Akiri G, Sabo E, Dafni H, Vadasz Z, Kartvelishvily Y, Gan N, Kessler O, Cohen T, Resnick M, Neeman M, Neufeld G (Apr 2003). "Lysyl oxidase-related protein-1 promotes tumor fibrosis and tumor progression in vivo". Cancer Research 63 (7): 1657–66. PMID 12670920.
• Rost T, Pyritz V, Rathcke IO, Görögh T, Dünne AA, Werner JA (2003). "Reduction of LOX- and LOXL2-mRNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas". Anticancer Research 23 (2B): 1565–73. PMID 12820424.
• Vadasz Z, Kessler O, Akiri G, Gengrinovitch S, Kagan HM, Baruch Y, Izhak OB, Neufeld G (Sep 2005). "Abnormal deposition of collagen around hepatocytes in Wilson's disease is associated with hepatocyte specific expression of lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase like protein-2". Journal of Hepatology 43 (3): 499–507. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.052. PMID 16023247.
• Peinado H, Del Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz M, Olmeda D, Csiszar K, Fong KS, Vega S, Nieto MA, Cano A, Portillo F (Oct 2005). "A molecular role for lysyl oxidase-like 2 enzyme in snail regulation and tumor progression". The EMBO Journal 24 (19): 3446–58. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600781. PMC 1276164. PMID 16096638.
• Akagawa H, Narita A, Yamada H, Tajima A, Krischek B, Kasuya H, Hori T, Kubota M, Saeki N, Hata A, Mizutani T, Inoue I (May 2007). "Systematic screening of lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) family genes demonstrates that LOXL2 is a susceptibility gene to intracranial aneurysms". Human Genetics 121 (3-4): 377–87. doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0333-3. PMID 17287949.