Lake Mead

Lake Mead
Location Mohave County, Arizona and Clark County, Nevada
Coordinates 36°15′N 114°23′W / 36.25°N 114.39°W / 36.25; -114.39Coordinates: 36°15′N 114°23′W / 36.25°N 114.39°W / 36.25; -114.39
Lake type Reservoir
Primary inflows Colorado River
Primary outflows Colorado River
Basin countries United States
Max. length 120 mi (190 km)
Surface area 247 sq mi (640 km2)
Max. depth 532 ft (162 m)
Water volume Maximum: 26,134,000 acre·ft (32.236 km3)
Shore length1 759 mi (1,221 km)
Surface elevation Maximum: 1,229 ft (375 m)
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Mead, when full, is the largest reservoir in the United States in terms of maximum water capacity. It is on the Colorado River about 24 mi (39 km) from the Las Vegas Strip southeast of the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, in the states of Nevada and Arizona. Formed by the Hoover Dam, Lake Mead is 112 miles (180 km) long when the lake is full, has 759 miles (1,221 km) of shoreline, is 532 feet (162 m) at greatest depth, with a surface elevation of 1,221.4 feet (372.3 m) above sea level, and has 247 square miles (640 km2) of surface, and when filled to available capacity, 26.12 million acre feet (32.22 km3) of water. However, the lake has not reached full capacity since 1983 due to a combination of drought and increased water demand.[1][2][3] Owing to current low water level, Lake Sakakawea holds claim over Lake Mead in terms of America's largest reservoir by total area and water in reserve.

The reservoir serves water to the states of Arizona, Nevada and California, providing sustenance to nearly 20 million people and large areas of farmland.[4]

History

Elwood Mead

The lake was named after Elwood Mead (January 16, 1858 – January 26, 1936), who was the commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from 1924 to 1936 during the planning and construction of the Boulder Canyon Project that created the dam and lake. Lake Mead was established as the Boulder Dam Recreation Area in 1936, administrated by the National Park Service. The name was changed to the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 1964, and Lake Mohave and the Shivwits Plateau were added to its jurisdiction. Both lakes and the surrounding area offer year-round recreation options.

The accumulated water from Hoover Dam forced the evacuation of several communities, most notably St. Thomas, Nevada, whose last resident left the town in 1938.[5] The ruins of St. Thomas are sometimes visible when the water level in Lake Mead drops below normal.[5] Lake Mead also covered the sites of the Colorado River landings of Callville and Rioville and the river crossing of Bonelli's Ferry.

At lower water levels, a high-water mark or "bathtub ring" is visible in photos that show the shoreline of Lake Mead. The bathtub ring is white because of the deposition of minerals on previously submerged surfaces.[6]

Geography

Lake Mead, May 2, 2006
Lake Mead from space, November 1985: North is facing downward to the right. The Colorado River can be seen leading southward away from the lake on the top left. The Hoover Dam is located where the river meets the lake.
Sediment-laden water from the Colorado River flowing into Lake Mead

Nine main access points to the lake are available. On the west are three roads from the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Access from the northwest from Interstate 15 is through the Valley of Fire State Park and the Moapa River Indian Reservation to the Overton Arm of the lake.

The lake is divided into several bodies. The large body closest to the Hoover Dam is Boulder Basin. The narrow channel, which was once known as Boulder Canyon and is now known as The Narrows, connects Boulder Basin to Virgin Basin to the east. The Virgin River and Muddy River empty into the Overton Arm, which is connected to the northern part of the Virgin Basin. The next basin to the east is Temple Basin, and following that is Gregg Basin, which is connected to the Temple Basin by the Virgin Canyon. When the lake levels are high enough, a section of the lake farther upstream from the Gregg Basin is flooded, which includes Grand Wash Bay, the Pearce Ferry Bay and launch ramp, and about 55 miles (89 km) of the Colorado River within the lower Grand Canyon, extending to the foot of 240 Mile Rapids (north of Peach Springs, Arizona). In addition, two small basins, the Muddy River Inlet and the Virgin River Basin, are flooded when the lake is high enough where these two rivers flow into the lake. As of February 2015, these basins remain dry.

Jagged mountain ranges surround the lake, offering a scenic backdrop, especially at sunset. Two mountain ranges are within view of the Boulder Basin, the River Mountains, oriented northwest to southeast and the Muddy Mountains, oriented west to northeast. Bonelli Peak lies to the east of the Virgin Basin.

Las Vegas Bay is the terminus for the Las Vegas Wash which is the sole outflow from the Las Vegas Valley.

Drought and water usage issues

Lake Mead receives the majority of its water from snow melt in the Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah Rocky Mountains. Inflows to the lake are largely moderated by the upstream Glen Canyon Dam, which is required to release 8.23 million acre feet (10.15 km3) of water each year to Lake Mead. Hoover Dam is required to release 9 million acre feet (11 km3) of water each year, with the difference made up by tributaries that join the Colorado below Glen Canyon or flow into Lake Mead. Outflow, which includes evaporation and delivery to Arizona, California, Nevada, and Mexico[7] from Lake Mead are generally in the range of 9.5 to 9.7 million acre feet (11.7 to 12.0 km3), resulting in a net annual deficit of about 1.2 million acre feet (1.5 km3).[8]

Before the filling of Lake Powell (a reservoir of similar size to Lake Mead) behind Glen Canyon Dam, the Colorado River flowed largely unregulated into Lake Mead, making Mead more vulnerable to drought. From 1953 to 1956, the water level fell from 1,200 to 1,085 feet (366 to 331 m). During the filling of Lake Powell from 1963 to 1965, the water level fell from 1,205 to 1,090 feet (367 to 332 m).[9] Multiple wet years from the 1970s to the 1990s filled both lakes to capacity,[10][11] reaching a record high of 1225 feet in the summer of 1983.[12] In these decades prior to 2000, Glen Canyon Dam frequently released more than the required 8.23 million acre feet (10.15 km3) to Lake Mead each year, allowing Lake Mead to maintain a high water level despite releasing significantly more water than for which it is contracted. However, since 2000, the Colorado River has experienced persistent drought, with average or above-average conditions occurring in only five years (2005, 2008–2009, 2011 and 2014) in the first 14 years of the 21st century. Although Glen Canyon was able to meet its required minimum release until 2014, the water level in Lake Mead has steadily declined due to the loss of the surplus water that once made up for the annual overdraft.

Lake Mead as seen from the Hoover Dam with the white band clearly showing the high water level

In June 2010, the lake was at 39% of its capacity,[13] and on Nov. 30, 2010, it reached 1,081.94 ft (329.78 m), setting a new record monthly low.[14] From mid-May 2011 to January 22, 2012, Lake Mead's water elevation increased from 1,095.5 to 1,134.52 feet (333.91 to 345.80 m), after a heavy snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains prompted the release of an extra 3.3 million acre feet (4.1 km3) from Glen Canyon into Lake Mead.[15]

In 2012 and 2013, the Colorado River basin experienced its worst consecutive water years on record, prompting a low Glen Canyon release in 2014 – the lowest since 1963, during the initial filling of Lake Powell – in the interest of recovering the level of the upstream reservoir, which had fallen to less than 40% capacity as a result of the drought.[16] Consequently, Lake Mead has fallen significantly, reaching a new record low of 1,081.82 feet (329.74 m) on July 10, 2014.[17] On June 23, 2015 Lake Mead briefly fell below 1,075 feet (328 m), the first official "drought trigger" elevation, for the first time since the lake was filled. If the lake is at this elevation or lower at the beginning of the water year (October 1) official shortage declaration by the Bureau of Reclamation will enforce water rationing in Arizona and Nevada.[18]

As a result of the decreasing water level, marinas and boat launch ramps have either had to be relocated to another area of the lake or have closed down permanently. The Las Vegas Bay Marina was relocated in 2002[19] and the Lake Mead Marina was relocated in 2008[20] to Hemenway Harbor. Overton Marina has been closed due to low levels in the northern part of the Overton Arm. Government Wash, Las Vegas Bay, and Pearce Ferry boat launch ramps have also been closed. Las Vegas Boat Harbor and Lake Mead Marina in Hemenway Harbor/Horsepower Cove remain open, along with Callville Bay Marina, Echo Bay Marina, Temple Bar Marina, Boulder Launch Area (former location of the Lake Mead Marina) and the South Cove launch ramp.[21]

Changing rainfall patterns, climate variability, high levels of evaporation, reduced snow melt runoff, and current water use patterns are putting pressure on water management resources at Lake Mead as the population relying on it for water and the Hoover Dam for electricity continue to increase. A 2008 paper in Water Resources Research states that at current usage allocation and projected climate trends, a 50% chance exists that live storage in Lakes Mead and Powell will be gone by 2021, and that the reservoir could drop below minimum power pool elevation of 1,050 feet (320 m) as early as 2017. To lower the minimum power pool elevation to 950 feet (290 m), five wide-head turbines, designed to work efficiently with less flow, will be online in 2016.[22]

There is a 30% chance that Lake Mead could drop below 1020 feet by 2020. If a "megadrought" like the one that affected the southwest during medieval times occurs, Lake Mead would become largely unusable by 2040.[23]

Although water levels in the lake rose by more than 30 ft (9.1 m) in 2011 due to a rainy winter and increased snowfall in the Rocky Mountains,[24] it appears highly unlikely that the prevailing pattern of drought will change to precipitation surcharge in a time frame shorter than that in which the lake level will fall below the dead storage level of the downstream diversion and hydropower intake tunnels. Nearly $1.5 billion has been spent on additional water intakes at elevations low as 860 feet.[25][26]

The diversion tunnels, used during construction, are at an elevation at which the flow of the river would continue indefinitely.[27][28][29] The downstream halves of the two outer diversion tunnels are now used as the main sections of the spillway tunnels. The inner diversion tunnels are now used for water flowing from the outermost intake towers to the generators.[30]

Recreation and marinas

Lake Mead provides many types of recreation to locals and visitors. Boating is the most popular. Additional activities include fishing, water skiing, swimming, and sunbathing. Four marinas are located on Lake Mead, which include Las Vegas Boat Harbor and Lake Mead Marina (Hemenway Harbor NV) operated by the Gripentogs, and Callville Bay (Callville Bay NV) and Temple Bar (Arizona), both operated by Forever Resorts. The area also has many coves with rocky cliffs and sandy beaches. Several small to medium-sized islands occur in the lake area depending on the water level. In addition, the Alan Bible Visitor Center hosts the Alan Bible Botanical Garden, a small garden of cactus and other plants native to the Mojave Desert.

B-29 crash

At the bottom of the lake is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress that crashed in 1948 while testing a prototype missile guidance system known as "suntracker".[31]

The wreckages of at least two smaller airplanes are also within Lake Mead.[32]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "USGS Circular 1381: A Synthesis of Aquatic Science for Management of Lakes Mead and Mohave". 2012: 11.
  2. ↑ Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region, Hoover Dam Web Designer. "Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region - Hoover Dam: Lake Mead FAQs". Usbr.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  3. ↑ Ferrari, Ronald L. (February 2008). "2001 Lake Mead Sedimentation Survey" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  4. ↑ http://ecowatch.com/2015/04/28/drought-lake-mead-historic-low/
  5. 1 2 Scott Gold (October 16, 2004). "It's a Historic Drought". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  6. ↑ Bryan Walsh (December 4, 2008). "Dying for a Drink". TIME (Time Inc.). Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande: Treaty Between the United States of America and Mexico" (PDF). International Boundary and Water Commission. February 3, 1944. p. 22.
  8. ↑ "Colorado River Update" (PDF). Cap-az.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Paul Lutus. "* Lake Mead Water Levels". Arachnoid.com. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  10. ↑ http://www.usbr.gov/rsvrWater/faces/rvrOSMP.xhtml;jsessionid=cuHtyyivpEg7yoEEffDhwzGJ.wf81:rsvrwater
  11. ↑ http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/hourly/mead-elv.html
  12. ↑ http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/hourly/mead-elv.html
  13. ↑ Arizona Game and Fish Department (2010). "Lake Levels/River Flow". Arizona Game and Fish Department. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  14. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. "Lake Mead at Hoover Dam, Elevation". Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Additional Water to be Released from Lake Powell to Lake Mead, Avoiding Shortages in Lower Basin in 2012". Home.doi.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Reclamation Forecasts Low Lake Powell Water Release for 2014". Wrrc.arizona.edu. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  17. ↑ HENRY BREAN LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL. "Lake Mead sinks to a record low". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  18. ↑ McGlade, Caitlin (2015-06-24). "Lake Mead sinks to record low, risking water shortage". USA Today. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  19. ↑ http://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/oct/01/weather-delaying-move-by-marina/
  20. ↑ http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/lake-mead-marina-moved
  21. ↑ National Park Service
  22. ↑ Capehart, Mary Ann (Winter 2015). "Drought Diminishes Hydropower Capacity in Western U.S.". Water Resources Research Center. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  23. ↑ Davis, Tony (26 December 2015). "Water cuts could force Arizona to adapt or "implode"". Newspaper. Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  24. ↑ Dylan Scott. "Water level at Lake Mead could rise thanks to wet winter, report says". LasVegasSun.com. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  25. ↑ Jenkins, Matt (3 March 2015). "The water czar who reshaped Colorado River politics" (41). High Country News. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  26. ↑ http://www.popsci.com/article/science/last-straw-how-fortunes-las-vegas-will-rise-or-fall-lake-mead
  27. ↑ Barnett TP, and Pierce DW (2008). "When Will Lake Mead go Dry?". Water Resources Research 44 (3): W03201. doi:10.1029/2007WR006704.
  28. ↑ "Lake Mead could be dry by 2021," press release from the American Geophysical Union
  29. ↑ Barringer, Felicity (February 13, 2008). "Lake Mead Could Be Within a Few Years of Going Dry, Study Finds". The New York Times.
  30. ↑ http://savelakemead.com/How2DivertingWater.htm
  31. ↑ "Lake Mead: Exploring the B-29". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  32. ↑ "The Mystery of Lake Mead". 8newsnow.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.

External links

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