Laminal consonant
| Laminal | |
|---|---|
| ◌̻ | |
| IPA number | 410 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
̻ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+033B |
| Places of articulation |
| Tongue shape |
|---|
A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top. It contrasts with an apical consonant, produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex (tongue tip) only. The distinction applies only to coronal consonants, which use the front of the tongue.
Themes
Although most languages do not contrast laminal and apical sounds, the distinction is found in a number of languages:
- The contrast is very common in Australian languages, which usually have no fricatives.
- Some languages in South Asia contrast apical and laminal stops, like in Hindustani, whose apical stops are normally called "retroflex" but are really alveolar or postalveolar. Malayalam has a three-way distinction between laminal dental, apical alveolar and true subapical retroflex in both nasal and voiceless oral stops.
- Basque differentiates between laminal and apical sibilants in the alveolar region, as does Serbo-Croatian, but Mandarin[1] and Polish make a distinction with postalveolar consonants.
- Some native languages of California have the distinction in both stops and fricatives.
- Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops.
Because laminal consonants use the flat of the tongue, they cover a broader area of contact than apical consonants. Laminal consonants, in some languages, have been recorded with a broad occlusion (closure) covering the entire front of the mouth, from the hard palate to the teeth, which makes it difficult to compare the two. Alveolar laminals and apicals are two different articulations.
A very common laminal articulation is sometimes called denti-alveolar; it spans the alveolar ridge to the teeth but is a little farther forward than other alveolar laminal consonants, which cover more of the alveolar ridge (and might be considered postalveolar). That is the situation for French.
Further themes
Part of the confusion in naming laminal consonants is, quite literally, a matter of point of view. When one looks at a person pronouncing a laminal alveolar or denti-alveolar, the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the back of the teeth, or even protruding between the teeth, which gives them the common name of dental. Acoustically, however, the important element is the place of the rearmost occlusion, the point where the resonant chamber in the mouth terminates, which determines the size and shape and so the acoustics of the oral cavity, which produces the harmonics of the vowels. By that consideration, French coronals are alveolar and differ from English alveolars primarily in being laminal rather than apical (in French, the tongue is flatter). There are true laminal dentals in some languages, with no alveolar contact (such as in Hindustani), and they sound different from the French consonants. Nevertheless, the breadth of contact has some importance, as it influences the shape of the tongue further back and so the shape of the resonant cavity. Also, if the release of a denti-alveolar consonant is not abrupt, the tongue may peel off from the roof of the mouth from back to front, thus shifting from an alveolar to a dental pronunciation.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for laminal consonants is U+033B ◌̻ COMBINING SQUARE BELOW (HTML ̻).
See also
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.