Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru

Detail from the Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru

The Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru is an ancient Mesopotamian narû, or entitlement stele, recording the gift (irīmšu) of 18 bur 2 eše[1] (about 120 hectares or 300 acres) of corn-land by Kassite king of Babylon Marduk-apla-iddina I (ca. 1171–1159 BC) to his bēl pīḫati (inscribed EN NAM and meaning "person responsible"), or a provincial official.[2] The monument is significant in part because it shows the continuation of royal patronage in Babylonia during a period when most of the near East was beset by collapse and confusion, and in part due to the lengthy genealogy of the beneficiary, which links him to his illustrious ancestors.

The stele

Rawlinson’s line-art for the Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru

The monument is a large rectangular block of limestone with a base of 51 by 30.5 cm and a height of 91 cm, or around 3 foot, with a broken top making it the tallest of the extant kudurrus[3] and has intentionally flattened sides.[4] It was recovered from the western bank of the Tigris opposite Baghdad[5] and acquired by George Smith for the British Museum while on his 1873–74 expedition to Nineveh sponsored by the Daily Telegraph. It was originally given the collection reference D.T. 273 and later that of BM 90850. The face has three registers featuring eighteen symbolic representations of gods (listed below identifying the corresponding deity) and the back has three columns of text (line-art pictured right).

First register:

Second register:

  • Bird on a perch, the Kassite deities Šuqamuna & Šumalia
  • Reclining ox beneath lightning fork, Adad
  • Spear-head behind horned dragon, Marduk
  • Wedge supported by horned dragon before shrine, Nabû

Third register:

  • Horned serpent spanning register, uncertain
  • Turtle, uncertain
  • Ram-headed crook above goat-fish, Ea
  • Winged dragon stepping on hind part of serpent, uncertain

The land grant was situated west of the river Tigris in the province of Ingur-Ištar, one of perhaps twenty-two pīḫatus or provinces known from the Kassite period,[6] and was bordered by estates belonging to the (house of) Bīt-Nazi-Marduk and Bīt-Tunamissaḫ, perhaps Kassite nobility.

Cast of characters

His ancestors:

Witnesses:

Principal publications

References

  1. Eleanor Robson (2008). Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History. Princeton University Press. p. 361. note 37
  2. J. A. Brinkman (1968). A Political History of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C. (AnOr. 43). Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. p. 303.
  3. J. A. Brinkman (2006). "Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49 (1): 23. doi:10.1163/156852006776207242. JSTOR 25165127.
  4. Kathryn E. Slanski (2003). The Babylonian Entitlement narûs (kudurrus): A Study in Their Form and Function. ASOR. pp. 154, 194, 244.
  5. J. A. Brinkman (1976). Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. 1 (MSKH 1). Oriental Institute. p. 248.
  6. L. Sassmannshausen (2001). Beiträge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit. Philipp von Zabern. p. 22.
  7. Susanne Paulus (2007). ""Ein Richter wie Šamaš" – Zur Rechtsprechung der Kassitenkönige". Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte 13: 4.
  8. sukallu CAD S p. 356
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