Laser beam machining
Laser beam machining (LBM) is a non-traditional subtractive manufacturing process, a form of machining, in which a laser is directed towards the work piece for machining. This process uses thermal energy to remove material from metallic or nonmetallic surfaces. The laser is focused onto the surface to be worked and the thermal energy of the laser is transferred to the surface, heating and melting or vaporizing the material.[1] Laser beam machining is best suited for brittle materials with low conductivity, but can be used on most materials.[2]
Types of lasers
There are many different types of lasers including gas, solid states lasers, and excimer.[3]
In gas lasers, an electric current is liberated from a gas to generate a consistent light. Some of the most commonly used gases consist of; He-Ne, Ar, and CO2. Fundamentally, these gases act as a pumping medium to ensure that the necessary population inversion is attained.
Solid state lasers are designed by doping a rare element into various host materials. Unlike in gas lasers, solid state lasers are pumped optically by flash lamps or arch lamps. Ruby is one of the frequently used host materials in this type of laser.[3] A Ruby Laser is a type of the solid state laser whose laser medium is a synthetic ruby crystal. These ruby lasers generate deep red light pulses of a millisecond pulse length and a wavelength of about 694.3 nm. The synthetic ruby rod is optically pumped using a xenon flashtube before it is used as an active laser medium.[4]
YAG is an abbreviation for yttrium aluminum garnet which are crystals that are used for solid-state lasers while Nd:YAG refers to neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystals that are used in the solid-state lasers as the laser medium.[4] The Nd:YAG lasers emit a wavelength of light waves with high energy. Nd:glass is neodymium–doped gain media made of either silicate or phosphate materials that are used in fiber laser.[5]
In excimer lasers, the state is different than in solid state or gas lasers. The device utilizes a combination of reactive and inert gases to produce a beam. This machine is sometimes known as an ultraviolet chemical laser.[3]
Cutting depth
The cutting depth of a laser is directly proportional to the quotient obtained by dividing the power of the laser beam by the product of the cutting velocity and the diameter of the laser beam spot.
where t is the depth of cut, P is the laser beam power, v is the cutting velocity, and d is the laser beam spot diameter.[6]
The depth of the cut is also influenced by the workpiece material. The material's reflectivity, density, specific heat, and melting point temperature all contribute to the lasers ability to cut the workpiece.
The following table[7] shows the ability of different lasers to cut different materials:
| material | laser: 10.6 | wavelength (micrometer)
Nd:YAG laser: 1.06 |
| ceramics | well | poorly |
| plywood | very well | fairly well |
| polycarbonate | well | fairly well |
| polyethylene | very well | fairly well |
| Perspex | very well | fairly well |
| Titanium | well | well |
| Gold | not possible | well |
| Copper | poorly | well |
| Aluminium | well | well |
| stainless steel | very well | |
| construction steel | very well |
Applications
Lasers can be used for welding, cladding, marking, surface treatment, drilling, and cutting among other manufacturing processes. It is used in the automobile, shipbuilding, aerospace, steel, electronics, and medical industries for precision machining of complex parts. Laser welding is advantageous in that it can weld at speeds of up to 100 mm/s as well as the ability to weld dissimilar metals. Laser cladding is used to coat cheep or weak parts with a harder material in order to improve the surface quality. Drilling and cutting with lasers is advantageous in that there is little to no wear on the cutting tool as there is no contact to cause damage. Milling with a laser is a three dimensional process that requires two lasers, but drastically cuts costs of machining parts.[2][8] Lasers can be used to change the surface properties of a workpiece.
Laser beam machining can also be used in conjunction with traditional machining methods. By focusing the laser ahead of a cutting tool the material to be cut will be softened and made easier to remove, reducing cost of production and wear on the tool while increasing tool life.[2]
The appliance of laser beam machining varies depending on the industry. In heavy manufacturing laser beam machining is used for cladding and drilling, spot and seam welding among others. In light manufacturing the machine is used to engrave and to drill other metals. In the electronic industry laser beam machining is used for wire stripping and skiving of circuits. In the medical industry it is used for cosmetic surgery and hair removal.[2]
Advantages
Since the rays of a laser beam are monochromatic and parallel it can be focused to a very small diameter and can produce energy as high as 100 MW of energy for a square millimeter of area. It is especially suited to making accurately placed holes.
Laser beam machining has the ability to engrave or cut nearly all materials, where traditional cutting methods may fall short. There are several types of lasers, and each have different uses. For instance, materials that cannot be not be cut by a gas laser may be cut by an excimer laser.[2]
The cost of maintaining lasers is moderately low due to the low rate of wear and tear, as there is no physical contact between the tool and the workpiece.[3]
The machining provided by laser beams is high precision, and most of these processes do not require additional finishing.[3]
Laser beams can be paired with gases to help the cutting process be more efficient, help minimize oxidization of surfaces, and/or keep the workpiece surface free from melted or vaporized material.
Disadvantages
The initial cost of acquiring a laser beam is moderately high. There are many accessories that aid in the machining process, and as most of these accessories are as important as the laser beam itself the startup cost of machining is raised further.[3]
Handling and maintaining the machining requires highly trained individuals. Operating the laser beam is comparatively technical, and services from an expert may be required.[3]
Laser beams are not designed to produce mass metal processes. For this reason production is always slow, especially when the metal processes involve a lot of cutting.[3]
Laser beam machining consumes a lot of energy.
Deep cuts are difficult with workpieces with high melting points and usually cause a taper.
See also
References
- ↑ "Ruby laser treatment. DermNet NZ". www.dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Dubey, Avanish (May 2008). "Laser beam machining—A review". International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Laser Beam Machining". www.mechnol.com. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
- 1 2 "Solid Medium Lasers". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
- ↑ Paschotta, Dr. Rüdiger. "Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - neodymium-doped gain media, laser crystals, Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO4, Nd:YLF, Nd:glass". www.rp-photonics.com. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
- ↑ Kalpakjian; Schmid (2008). Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials (5 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132272711.
- ↑ J. Berkmanns, M. Faerber, (June 18, 2008). Laser cutting. LASERLINE® Technical.
- ↑ Meijer, Johan (June 2004). "Laser beam machining (LBM), state of the art and new opportunities". Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Further reading
- Paulo, Davim (2013). Nontraditional Machining Processes: Research Advances. Springer. ISBN 978-1447151784.
- Amitabh Ghosh and Asok Kumar Mallik (2010). "Unconventional Machining Processes". Manufacturing Science (2nd ed.). East-west press. pp. 396–403. ISBN 978-81-7671-063-3.