1986 Commonwealth Games

13th Commonwealth Games
Host city Edinburgh, Scotland
Nations participating 27 nations of the Commonwealth
Athletes participating 1,660
Events 161 events in 10 sports
Opening ceremony 24 July 1986
Closing ceremony 2 August 1986
Officially opened by Elizabeth II
Main venue Meadowbank Stadium
<  XII XIV  >

The 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 24 July and 2 August 1986. They were the second Games to be held in Edinburgh.

Organisation and controversy

Unlike the 1970 Games in Edinburgh, which were popular and successful, the 1986 Games are ill-famed for the wide political boycott connected with them and the resulting financial mismanagement.[1]

The majority of Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950.[2] Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.[3]

Further controversy arose when it was revealed that through this much-reduced participation and the resultant decline in anticipated broadcasting and sponsorship revenues, the Organising Committee was facing a big financial black hole. The boycott ended any prospect of securing emergency government assistance. Businessman Robert Maxwell stepped in to offer funding, taking over as chairman; but although he promised to invest £2m, his contribution was just £250,000. On a budget of £14m, the Games opened with a deficit of £3m, which later grew to £4.3m, and instead of putting enough money into the event to save it, the new chairman of the Games asked creditors to forgo half the payment due to them to keep the event out of liquidation. The debt was finally paid off in 1989, with the city of Edinburgh losing approximately £500,000.[4]

Several participants were excluded because they breached the amateurism rules, most notably lawn bowlers Phil Skoglund from New Zealand and Willie Wood from Scotland, both of whom have competed in subsequent games.

Participating teams

Participating countries

27 teams were represented at the 1986 Games.
(Teams competing for the first time are shown in bold).

Opening ceremony

The theme of the opening ceremony celebrated the "Spirit of Youth" and included 6500 Scottish schoolchildren taking part in a series of large Mass Games-style Gymnastics routines. The theme song "Spirit of Youth" was written by Gerard Kenny. The ceremony began on the esplanade of Edinburgh Castle from which hundreds of schoolchildren ran down the Royal Mile, through Holyrood Park to Meadowbank Stadium.[6]

Venues

Medals by country

 Rank  Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1  England 52 43 49 144
2  Canada 51 34 31 116
3  Australia 40 46 35 121
4  New Zealand 8 16 14 38
5  Wales 6 5 12 23
6  Scotland 3 12 18 33
7  Northern Ireland 2 4 9 15
8  Isle of Man 1 0 0 1
9  Guernsey 0 2 0 2
10  Swaziland 0 1 0 1
11  Hong Kong 0 0 3 3
12  Malawi 0 0 2 2
13  Botswana 0 0 1 1
 Jersey 0 0 1 1
 Singapore 0 0 1 1
Total 163 163 176 502

Medals by event

Aquatics

Athletics

Badminton

Bowls

Boxing

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Light Flyweight Scott Olson (CAN) Mark Epton (ENG) Johnston Todd (NIR)
 Wilson Docherty (SCO)
Flyweight John Lyon (ENG) Leonard Makhanya (SWZ) Kerry Webber (WAL)
 Steve Beaupré (CAN)
Bantamweight Sean Murphy (ENG) Roy Nash (NIR) Glen Brooks (SCO)
 John Sollitoe (JER)
Featherweight Billy Downey (CAN) Peter English (ENG) Chris Carleton (NIR)
 Johnny Wallace (NZL)
Lightweight Asif Dar (CAN) Neil Haddock (WAL) Lyton Mphande (MAW)
 Joe Jacobs (ENG)
Light Welterweight Howard Grant (CAN) David Clencie (AUS) Brendan Lowe (NIR)
 Solomon Kondowe (MAW)
Welterweight Darren Dyer (ENG) John McAllister (SCO) John Shaw (CAN)
 Damien Denny (NIR)
Light Middleweight Dan Sherry (CAN) Rick Finch (AUS) Glynn Thomas (WAL)
 Alex Mullen (SCO)
Middleweight Rod Douglas (ENG) Jeff Harding (AUS) Patrick Tinney (NIR)
 George Ferrie (SCO)
Light Heavyweight Jim Moran (ENG) Harry Lawson (SCO) Brent Kosolofski (CAN)
Heavyweight James Peau (NZL) Douggie Young (SCO) Dominic D'Amico (CAN)
 Eric Cardouza (ENG)
Super Heavyweight Lennox Lewis (CAN) Aneurin Evans (WAL) James Oyebola (ENG)

Cycling

Track

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Time Trial Martin Vinnicombe (AUS)00:01:06 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:01:06 Maxwell Rainsford (AUS)00:01:07
Sprint Gary Neiwand (AUS) Alex Ongaro (CAN) Eddie Alexander (SCO)
Individual Pursuit Dean Woods (AUS)00:04:44 Colin Sturgess (ENG)00:04:51 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:04:54
Team Pursuit Australia
Glenn Clarke
Brett Dutton
Bill Hardy
Wayne McCarney
Dean Woods
00:04:27 New Zealand
Gary Anderson
Russell Clune
Stephen Swart
Andrew Whitford
00:04:34 England
Chris Boardman
Gary Colman
Rob Muzio
Jon Walshaw
Guy Rowland
overtaken
10 Miles (16 Kilometres) Scratch Wayne McCarney (AUS)00:19:41 Dean Woods (AUS)00:19:41 Gary Anderson (NZL)00:19:41

Road

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Road Race Paul Curran (ENG)04:08:50 Brian Fowler (NZL)04:08:50 Jeff Leslie (AUS)04:08:50
Team Time Trial  England
Alan Gornall
Deno Davie
Keith Reynolds
Paul Curran
02:13:16  New Zealand
Blair Cox
Graeme Miller
Gregory Fraine
Paul Leitch
02:14:50  Northern Ireland
Alastair Irvine
Cormac McCann
Joseph Barr
Martin Quinn
02:16:13

Rowing

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Single Sculls  England
Steve Redgrave
00:07:28  Australia
Richard Powell
00:07:33  New Zealand
Eric Verdonk
00:07:39
Double Sculls  Canada
Bruce Ford
Pat Walter
00:06:19  Australia
Paul Reedy
Brenton Terrell
00:06:21  England
Carl Smith
Alan Whitwell
00:06:34
Coxless Pairs  England
Andy Holmes
Steve Redgrave
00:06:40  New Zealand
Barrie Mabbott
Ian Wright
00:06:43  Scotland
Ewan Stuart
David Riches
00:06:43
Coxless Fours  Canada
Grant Mann
Kevin Neufeld
Paul Steele
Pat Turner
00:06:01 New Zealand
Andrew Stevenson
Shane O'Brien
Neil Gibson
Don Symon
00:06:01 England
Graham Faultless
Richard Ireland
Mostyn Field
Humphrey Hatton
00:06:06
Coxed Fours  England
Martin Cross
Adam Clift
Andy Holmes
Steve Redgrave
Adrian Ellison
00:06:08  New Zealand
Nigel Atherfold
Chris White
Greg Johnston
Bruce Holden
Andrew Bird
00:06:10  Australia
Mark Doyle
James Galloway
Michael McKay
James Tomkins
Dale Caterson
00:06:11
Eights Australia
Ion Popa
00:05:44 England00:05:46 New Zealand00:05:48
Lightweight Single Sculls  Australia
Peter Antonie
00:07:16  Canada
Peter Tattersall
00:07:27  England
Carl Smith
00:07:27
Lightweight Coxless Fours England
Christopher Bates
Peter Haining
Neil Staite
Stuart Forbes
00:06:26 Australia
Simon Cook
Brian Digby
Merrick Howes
Joseph Joyce
00:06:28 Canada
Dave Henry
Brian Peaker
Bob Thomas
Ryan Tierney
00:06:36
Women
Single Sculls  New Zealand
Stephanie Foster
00:07:43  Canada
Lisa Wright
00:07:49  England
Gillian Bond
00:07:53
Double Sculls New Zealand
Stephanie Foster
Robin Clarke
00:07:22  Canada
Heather Clarke
Lisa Robertson
00:07:49 England
Diane Prince
Claire Parker
00:07:55
Coxless Pairs Canada
Kathryn Barr
Andrea Schreiner
00:07:35 England
Pauline Bird
Fiona Johnson
00:07:42 Australia
Catherine Hall
Alison Smith
00:07:53
Coxed Fours Canada
Tina Clarke
Tricia Smith
Lesley Thompson
Jane Tregunno
Jenny Wallinga
00:06:50  Australia
Debbie Bassett
Susan Chapman-Popa
Robyn Grey-Gardner
Marilyn Kidd
Kaylynn Fry
00:06:54  England
Joanne Gough
Elizabeth Callaway
Kate Holroyd
Patricia Reid
Alison Norrish
00:07:06
Eights Australia00:06:44 England00:06:46 CanadaNTT
Lightweight Single Sculls  Australia
Adair Ferguson
00:07:45  New Zealand
Philippa Baker
00:07:46  Canada
Heather Hattin
00:07:52
Lightweight Coxless Fours England
Alexa Forbes
Gillian Hodges
Linda Clark
Judith Burne
00:06:55 Australia
Deborah Clingeleffer
Amanda Cross
Virginia Lee
Karin Riedel
00:07:00 Canada
Anne Drost
Marni Hamilton
Marlene van der Horst
Wendy Wiebe
00:07:01

Shooting

Pistol

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
Free Pistol  Greg Yelavich (NZL)551 Phil Adams (AUS)
 Ho Kar Fai (HKG)
549
Free Pistol – Pairs  Canada
Tom Guinn
Claude Beaulieu
1099  England
Paul Leatherdale
Richard Wang
1090  Australia
Phil Adams
Bengt Sandström
1085
Centre-Fire Pistol Bob Northover (ENG)583 Phil Adams (AUS)582 Rod Hack (AUS)580
Centre-Fire Pistol – Pairs Australia
Phil Adams
Rod Hack
1165 England
Bob Northover
Michael Cutler
1157 New Zealand
Rex Hamilton
Barry O'Neale
1153
Rapid-Fire Pistol Pat Murray (AUS)591 Adrian Breton (GGY)588 Mark Howkins (CAN)585
Rapid-Fire Pistol – Pairs England
Brian Girling
Terry Turner
1169 Australia
Pat Murray
Jack Mast
1152 Canada
Mark Howkins
André Chevrefils
1150
Air Pistol Greg Yelavich (NZL)575 Tom Guinn (CAN)574 Gilbert U (HKG)574
Air Pistol – Pairs  England
Paul Leatherdale
Ian Reid
1143  Australia
Phil Adams
Bruce Favell
1143  New Zealand
Greg Yelavich
Barrie Wickens
1140

Rifle

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
Small Bore Rifle, Prone Alan Smith (AUS)599 Alister Allan (SCO)598 Gale Stewart (CAN)
 John Knowles (SCO)
597
Small Bore Rifle, Prone – Pairs  Canada
Michael Ashcroft
Gale Stewart
1175  Australia
Donald Brook
Alan Smith
1171  Wales
Terry Wakefield
Colin Harris
1165
Small Bore Rifle, Three Positions Malcolm Cooper (ENG)1170 Alister Allan (SCO)1167 Jean-François Sénécal (CAN)1150
Small Bore Rifle, Three Positions – Pairs England
Malcolm Cooper
Sarah Cooper
2278  Canada
Jean-François Sénécal
Michael Dion
2276  Scotland
Alister Allan
Bill MacNeill
2241
Full Bore Rifle Stan Golinski (AUS)396 Alain Marion (CAN)396 John Bloomfield (ENG)395
Full Bore Rifle – Pairs Canada
Bill Baldwin
Alain Marion
583 Australia
James Corbett
Stan Golinski
583 Northern Ireland
David Calvert
Martin Millar
582
Air Rifle Guy Lorion (CAN)588 Sharon Bowes (CAN)583 Malcolm Cooper (ENG)582
Air Rifle – Pairs  Canada
Guy Lorion
Sharon Bowes
1167  Australia
Wolfgang Jobst
Anton Wurfel
1151  England
Malcolm Cooper
Robert Smith
1146

Shotgun

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men/Open
Trap Ian Peel (ENG)195 Peter Boden (ENG)192 Roland Phillips (WAL)192
Trap – Pairs  England
Peter Boden
Ian Peel
185  Northern Ireland
Tom Hewitt
Eamon Furphy
183  Australia
Terry Rumbel
Domingo Diaz
183
Skeet  Nigel Kelly (IOM)196 Joe Neville (ENG)
 Brian Gabriel (CAN)
195
Skeet – Pairs  England
Joe Neville
Ken Harman
195  Canada
Brian Gabriel
Don Kwasyncia
193  New Zealand
John Woolley
Jeff Farrell
189

Weightlifting

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Flyweight – Overall Greg Hayman (AUS)212.5 Charlie Revolta (SCO)185 Alan Ogilvie (SCO)177.5
Bantamweight – Overall Nick Voukelatos (AUS)245 Clayton Chelley (NZL)217.5 Teo Yong Joo (SIN)215
Featherweight – Overall Ray Williams (WAL)252.5 David Lowenstein (AUS)250 Jeffrey Brice (WAL)235
Lightweight – Overall Dean Willey (ENG)315 Ron Laycock (AUS)307.5 Langis Côté (CAN)290
Middleweight – Overall Bill Stellios (AUS)302.5 Louis Payer (CAN)300 Neil Taylor (WAL)270
Light Heavyweight – Overall Dave Morgan (WAL)350 Robert Kabbas (AUS)325 Peter May (ENG)317.5
Middle Heavyweight – Overall Keith Boxell (ENG)350 David Mercer (ENG)342.5 Guy Greavette (CAN)340
Sub Heavyweight – Overall Denis Garon (CAN)360 Duncan Dawkins (ENG)332.5 Andrew Saxton (ENG)327.5
Heavyweight – Overall Kevin Roy (CAN)375 Gino Frantangelo (AUS)372.5 Andrew Davies (WAL)370
Super Heavyweight – Overall Dean Lukin (AUS)392.5 David Bolduc (CAN)347.5 Charles Garzarella (AUS)342.5

Wrestling

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men
Light Flyweight Ron Moncur (CAN) Duncan Burns (ENG) David Connelly (SCO)
Flyweight Chris Woodcroft (CAN) James McAlary (AUS) Nigel Donahue (ENG)
Bantamweight Mitch Ostberg (CAN) Steve Reinsfield (NZL) Brian Aspen (ENG)
Featherweight Paul Hughes (CAN) Dan Cumming (AUS) Stephen Bell (NZL)
Lightweight Dave McKay (CAN) Zsigmund Kelevitz (AUS) Stephen Cooper (ENG)
Welterweight Gary Holmes (CAN) George Marsh (AUS) Fitzlloyd Walker (ENG)
Middleweight Chris Rinke (CAN) Wally Koenig (AUS) Anthony Bell (ENG)
Light Heavyweight Noel Loban (ENG) Doug Cox (CAN) Graeme English (SCO)
Heavyweight Clark Davis (CAN) Robert Algie (NZL) David Kilpin (ENG)
Super Heavyweight Wayne Brightwell (CAN) Albert Patrick (SCO) Keith Peache (ENG)

See also

References

  1. "The forgotten story of … Robert Maxwell’s 1986 Commonwealth Games | Sport | theguardian.com". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  2. "Scottish independence referendum will increase interest in Glasgow 2014, it is claimed | Glasgow 2014". insidethegames.biz. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  3. Fraser, Graham (2014-04-25). Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2014-11-02.
  4. "Glasgow makes final call for 2014 Games - Athletics - Scotsman.com". News.scotsman.com. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  5. Fraser, Graham (2014-04-25). Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2015-08-19.
  6. "Power From Within - Commonwealth Games 1986 Opening Ceremony - YouTube". youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.

External links

Preceded by
Brisbane
Commonwealth Games
Edinburgh
XIII Commonwealth Games
Succeeded by
Auckland
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