Le Villi
| Le Villi | |
|---|---|
| Opera-ballet by Giacomo Puccini | |
 Original 1884 advertisement in Gazzetta Musicale di Milano | |
| Librettist | Ferdinando Fontana |
| Language | Italian |
| Based on | Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr's short story Les Willis |
| Premiere |
31 May 1884 Teatro Dal Verme, Milan |
Le Villi (The Willis or The Fairies) is an opera-ballet in two acts (originally one) composed by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Ferdinando Fontana, based on the short story Les Willis by Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr. Karr's story was in turn based in the Central European legend of the vila, also used in the ballet Giselle. The opera, in its original one-act version, was first performed at the Teatro Dal Verme, Milan, on 31 May 1884.[1]
Le Villi is Puccini's first stage work. It was written for an 1883 competition of one-act operas by the publisher Sonzogno in his periodical Il teatro illustrato, but did not even earn an honourable mention. According to Mosco Carner, this may have been because it was written in such haste that the score was all but illegible.[2] His supporters, who included Arrigo Boito, funded the first production, whose favorable reception led to publication by Giulio Ricordi. Puccini's mother received the following telegram on the night of premiere at the Teatro dal Verme on 31 May 1884: "Theatre packed, immense success; anticipations exceeded; eighteen calls; finale of first act encored thrice"'.[3] Ricordi urged the composer to expand the work, and Puccini did, producing a new version later that year, which was followed by modifications in 1888, and the final version in 1892. A performance typically lasts 64 minutes.
Performance history
In the libretto, each part of the symphonic intermezzo between Acts 1 and 2 – L'Abbandono (The Desertion) and La tregenda (The Spectre) – is preceded by explanatory verses recounting the intervening events. Michele Girardi, citing a letter from Fontana to Puccini on 3 September 1884, has pointed out that the librettist intended for these to be read by the audience but not actually recited by a narrator.[4] But according to Mosco Carner, Puccini had intended for the verses to be read out to the audience, although he notes there is no mention of this having actually happened in contemporary reviews of the first production.[5] Likewise, there is no record of a narrator having been used at the first performance of Le Villi at the Metropolitan Opera in 1908.[6] Nevertheless, a narrator is used in some modern productions of the opera, such as the September 2004 production at the Teatro Dal Verme with Leo Nucci as the narrator, and the August 1994 production at the Festival della Valle d'Itria in Martina Franca with Massimo Foschi as narrator.[7] A narrator (Tito Gobbi) is also used in the Sony 1981 studio recording of the work.
A revised, two-act version was performed in at the Teatro Regio, Turin on 26 December 1884. Le Villi was also performed at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 15 January 1888. However, on that occasion it was not viewed favourably by either the audience or the critics who characterized it as "simply an imitation of Wagner".[8] Puccini continued to revise the work up until 1892 when it premiered in Hamburg conducted by Gustav Mahler.
The UK premiere occurred on 24 September 1897 in Manchester and the US premiere of Le Villi came on 17 December 1908 at the New York Metropolitan Opera[9] conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Performed as a double bill with Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, the Met's production featured Frances Alda as Anna and Alessandro Bonci as Roberto. The work did not receive its premiere at the Vienna State Opera until 23 October 2005 when it was performed in a double bill with Leoš Janáček's Osud. Simone Young conducted the performance with Krassimira Stoyanova as Anna and José Cura as Roberto.[10]
Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 31 May 1884 (Conductor:[11]) |
Premiere Cast, revised version, 26 December 1884 (Conductor: Giovanni Bolzoni) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guglielmo, the head forester | baritone or bass | Erminio Peltz | Agostino Gnaccarini |
| Anna, his daughter | soprano | Rosina Caponetti | Elena Boronat |
| Roberto, a young man | tenor | António D'Andrade | Enrico Filippi-Bresciani |
| Mountain folk, fairies, unseen spirits | |||
Synopsis
- Place: The Black Forest
- Time: The Middle Ages
Act 1
Spring
Family and guests dance at a celebration of the engagement in marriage of Roberto and Anna. Roberto must leave before the ceremony to collect an inheritance, and Anna worries that she will never see him again (Aria: Se come voi piccina). Roberto comforts Anna telling her that it will be fine and they will marry when he returns from Mainz. Anna tells Roberto of her dreams of him dying but Roberto tells Anna that she should not worry about his love failing and that she may doubt her God but not his love for her. The crowd returns and Anna is still worried about Roberto leaving. Roberto then asks Guglielmo, Anna’s father, to bless them before his journey and Roberto sets off for Mainz.
Intermezzo
Roberto is enchanted by a siren, and forgets Anna. Anna waits through the summer and the autumn and in the winter dies in his absence. The legend of the fairies (Le Villi) is then explained. When a woman dies of a broken heart, the fairies force the heart breaker to dance until death.
Act 2
Winter
Anna's father, Guglielmo, holds Roberto responsible for Anna's death and calls upon the Villi to take vengeance on Roberto (Aria: Anima santa della figlia mia). The Villi call upon the ghost of Anna and lure Roberto into the forest. Roberto, now penniless and abandoned by the seductress, returns when news of Anna's death reaches him. Hoping that he will be forgiven the Villi stalk Roberto as he mourns the loss of the days of his youth (Aria: Torna ai felici dì). Roberto then finds the one last flower left alive in the winter and tries to find hope that Anna lives but is repelled by the Villi when he tries to knock on the door of Guglielmo's house. Roberto then tries to pray for forgiveness but finds he cannot because of the curse put upon him by the Villi. As Roberto curses his fate Anna appears to him and tells him of the suffering that she had to endure. Roberto begs for forgiveness and he too feels the pain of Anna burning in his heart. But Roberto is not forgiven and Anna calls upon the Villi, who curse Roberto with cries of "traitor." There, the Villi and Anna dance with Roberto until he dies of exhaustion at Anna's feet.
Recordings
| Year | Cast (Roberto, Anna, Guglielmo) |
Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra |
Label[12] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1954 | Gianni Dal Ferro, Elisabetta Fusco, Silvano Verlinghieri | Arturo Basile, RAI Turin Chorus and Orchestra | Audio CD: Cetra Records (Warner Fonit Cetra) |
| 1971 | Barry Morell, Adriana Maliponte, Matteo Manuguerra | Anton Guadagno, Vienna Volksoper Orchestra, Vienna Academy Chamber Choir | Audio LP: RCA Records Cat: LSC 7096 |
| 1979 | David Parker, Marilyn Richardson, James Christiansen | Myer Fredman, Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, Adelaide Festival Chorale | Audio CD: Chandos Cat: ABT 1019 |
| 1979 | Plácido Domingo, Renata Scotto, Leo Nucci Narrator: Tito Gobbi | Lorin Maazel, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Ambrosian Opera Chorus | Audio CD: Sony Classical Cat: MT 76890 |
| 2004 | Albert Montserrat, Andrea Rola, Halla Margret |
Tamás Pál, Orchestra and Chorus Filarmonica Mediterranea, (Video recording of a performance in the Grandi Terme di Villa Adriana, Roma as part of the Festival Euro Mediterraneo, 31 July) |
DVD: Kultur Cat: D4064 |
| 2008 | Carlo Torriani, Miriam Cauchi, Antonio Stragapede |
Joseph Debrincat, Orkestra Nazzjonali, The Classique Chorus, (Recorded at a concert in the Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta, Malta to mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of Giacomo Puccini. Narrator: Deborah Conti) |
Audio CD: Cameo Classics Cat: CC9040CD, DVD: Documentary presented by Dr. Simonetta Puccini with film in Italy and video excerpts from the concert. |
References
Notes
- ↑ Playing in the contrabass section of the orchestra that night was the 21-year-old Pietro Mascagni. Comitato Nazionale Celebrazioni Pucciniane
- ↑ Carner (1992) p. 40
- ↑ Dry (1904)
- ↑ Girardi (2002) p. 28
- ↑ Carner (1992) p. 336.
- ↑ Metropolitan Opera archives
- ↑ Corriere della Sera, 19 September 2004, p. 61
- ↑ Comitato Nazionale Celebrazioni Pucciniane
- ↑ Holden, p. 699
- ↑ Vienna State Opera Archives
- ↑ Sources disagree on this. Achille, Arturo, Alfredo and Giacomo Panizza have all been quoted as the conductor. As has Ettore Panizza, but he was only 9 years old at the time.
- ↑ Recordings of Le Villi on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
Sources
- Carner, Mosco (1992), Puccini: A Critical Biography (3rd Edition), Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2363-3
- Comitato Nazionale Celebrazioni Pucciniane, Le Villi (in Italian). Accessed 16 November 2008.
- Corriere della Sera, «Le Villi» di Puccini torna al Dal Verme, 19 September 2004. Accessed 16 November 2008.
- Dry, Wakeling (1906). Living Masters of Music, Giacomo Puccini, London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. OCLC OCLC 890894
- Girardi, Michele (2002) Puccini: His International Art (translated by Laura Basini), University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-29758-6
- Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
- Metropolitan Opera archives, Le Villi performance record. Accessed 16 November 2008.
- Schickling, Dieter, Giacomo Puccini – Catalogue of the Works, Bärenreiter 2003, pp. 133–148 and pp. 410–411 (Appendix IV – Autograph Material for Le Villi). ISBN 3-7618-1582-4
- Vienna State Opera archives, Le Villi (in German). Accessed 16 November 2008.
External links
- Synopsis from Naxos Records
- Libretto in English translation on impresario.ch
- Libretto in Italian (with stage directions in English) on opera.stanford.edu
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