Lemuridae

Lemuridae
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Superfamily: Lemuroidea
Family: Lemuridae
Gray, 1821[2]
Type genus
Lemur
Genera

Lemur
Eulemur
Hapalemur
Prolemur
Varecia

Lemuridae is a family of strepsirrhine primates native to Madagascar, and the Comoros Islands. They are represented by the Lemuriformes in Madagascar with one of the highest concentration of the lemurs. One of five families commonly known as lemurs. These animals were once thought to be the evolutionary predecessors of monkeys and apes, but this is no longer considered correct.[3]

Characteristics

Lemurids are medium-sized arboreal primates, ranging from 32 to 56 cm in length, excluding the tail, and weighing from 0.7 to 5 kg. They have long, bushy tails and soft, woolly fur of varying coloration. The hindlegs are slightly longer than the forelegs, although not enough to hamper fully quadrupedal movement (unlike the sportive lemurs). Most species are highly agile, and regularly leap several metres between trees. They have a good sense of smell and binocular vision. Unlike most other lemurs, all but one species of lemurid (the ring-tailed lemur) lack a tapetum lucidum,[4] a reflective layer in the eye that improves night vision. Historically, activity cycles are either strictly diurnal or nocturnal however, these can widely verily across the mammalian species. Lemur activity has evolved from nocturnal to diurnal. Some lemurs are also cathemeral, an activity pattern here an animal is neither diurnal nor nocturnal, which is common among Lemurdae.[5]

Lemurids are herbivorous, eating fruit, leaves, and, in some cases, nectar. For the most part, they have the dental formula: 2.1.3.32.1.3.3. A lemur’s diet is one that is not restricted since their diet consists of frugivory, granivory, folivory, insectivory, omnivory, and gumnivory foods. Some Subfossil records have contributed to the knowledge of the currently extant lemurs from the Holocene by showing the changes in their dental records in habitats near human activity. This demonstrates that lemur species such as the lemur catta and the common brown lemur were forced to switch their primary diet to a group of secondly food sources.[6]

With most lemurids, the mother gives birth to one or two young after a gestation period of between 120 and 140 days, depending on species. The ruffed lemur species are the only lemurids that have true litters, consisting of anywhere from two to six offspring. They are generally sociable animals, living in groups of up to thirty individuals in some species.[7] In some cases, such as the ring-tailed lemur, the groups are long-lasting, with distinct dominance hierarchies, while in others, such as the common brown lemur, the membership of the groups varies from day to day, and seems to have no clear social structure.[4]

Some of the lemur traits include low basal metabolic rate, highly seasonal breeders, adaptations to unpredictable climate and female dominance. Female dominance amongst lemurs is when the females are sexually monomorphic and have priority access to food. Lemurs live in groups of 11 to 17 animals, where females tend to stay within their natal groups and the males migrate. Male lemurs are competitive to win their mates which causes instability among the other organisms. Lemurs are able to mark their territory by using scents from local areas.[8]

A number of lemur species are considered threatened; two species are critically endangered, one species is endangered, and five species are rated as vulnerable.

Habitat

The highly seasonal dry deciduous forest of Madagascar alternates between dry and wet seasons, making it uniquely suitable for lemurs. This is due to high tree species diversity which are essential for survival and might be 'diluted' of its resources which are of no use for lemurs, thus increasing energetic expenses for traveling between suitable patches.[9] Evidence from the Subfossil records show that many of the now extinct lemurs actually lived in much drier climates than the currently extant lemurs.[10]

Classification

Main article: List of lemur species

The family Lemuridae contains 21 extant species in five genera.[11]

FAMILY LEMURIDAE

This family was once broken into two subfamilies, Hapalemurinae (bamboo lemurs and the greater bamboo lemur) and Lemurinae (the rest of the family), but molecular evidence and the similarity of the scent glands have since placed the ring-tailed lemur with the bamboo lemurs and the greater bamboo lemur.[12]

Lemur species in the Eulemur genus are known to interbreed, despite having dramatically different chromosome numbers. Red-fronted (2N=60) and collared (2N=50–52) brown lemurs were found to hybridize at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar.[13]

References

Wikispecies has information related to: Lemuridae
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lemuridae.
  1. ↑ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 114–117. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  3. ↑ Shumaker, Robert W., and Beck, Benjamin B. (2003). Primates in Question. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 1-58834-176-3.
  4. 1 2 Richard, Alison F. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 320–325. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  5. ↑ Eppley, Timothy M.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Donati, Giuseppe (2015-04-07). "Cathemerality in a small, folivorous primate: proximate control of diel activity in Hapalemur meridionalis". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69 (6): 991–1002. doi:10.1007/s00265-015-1911-3. ISSN 0340-5443.
  6. ↑ "Bookmarkable URL intermediate page". eds.b.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  7. ↑ Petter, J. J. (1962-12-01). "Ecological and Behavioral Studies of Madagascar Lemurs in the Field". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102 (2): 267–281. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13645.x. ISSN 1749-6632.
  8. ↑ Starling, Anne P.; Charpentier, Marie J. E.; Fitzpatrick, Courtney; Scordato, Elizabeth S.; Drea, Christine M. (2010-01-01). "Seasonality, sociality, and reproduction: Long-term stressors of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)". Hormones and Behavior. Sex-specific Therapeutic Strategies based on Neuroactivie Steroids: In Search of Innovative tools for NeuroprotectionSex-specific Therapeutic Strategies based on Neuroactivie Steroids 57 (1): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.016.
  9. ↑ "Bookmarkable URL intermediate page". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  10. ↑ Crowley, Brooke E.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Irwin, Mitchell T. (2011-01-01). "A glance to the past: subfossils, stable isotopes, seed dispersal, and lemur species loss in Southern Madagascar". American Journal of Primatology 73 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1002/ajp.20817. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 20205184.
  11. ↑ Mittermeier, R. A.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y.
  12. ↑ Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; Louis, E.E.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 209–323. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. OCLC 883321520.
  13. ↑ Jekielek, J. (2002). Hybridization of brown Lemurs at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. MSc. thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta.

[1] Gender, K. (20 February 2014). Lemurs could be extinct 'very soon' experts warn. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/lemurs-could-be-extinct-very-soon-experts-warn-9142615.html

[2] Platt, J. R. (24 February 2014). Crisis in Madagascar: 90 Percent of Lemur Species Are Threatened with Extinction. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/crisis-in-madagascar-90-percent-of-lemur-species-are-threatened-with-extinction/

[3] Platt, J. R. (21 August 2009). Lemur poaching on the rise due to unrest in Madagascar. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/lemur-poaching-on-the-rise-due-to-unrest-in-madagascar/

[4] Biotropica, 9/1/1997, Vol. 29, Issue 3, p. 331-343. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=32&sid=a7083ec4-2e69-4722-8c84-adf2a30f08b3%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=edsjsr.2389148&db=edsjsr

[5] Cuozzo, F.P. ( 1 ), and M.L. ( 2 ) Sauther. "Patterns Of Dental Macrowear In Subfossil Lemur Catta From Ankilitelo Cave, Madagascar: Indications Of Ecology And Habitat Use Over Time." Folia Primatologica86.1-2 (2015): 140-149. Scopus®. Retrieved from: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=23d095b1-b556-4a52-a066-26743f96f9d7%40sessionmgr110&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=edselc.2-52.0-84930250744&db=edselc

[6] Crowley, B.E. ( 1 ), L.R. ( 2 ) Godfrey, and M.T. ( 3 ) Irwin. "A Glance To The Past: Subfossils, Stable Isotopes, Seed Dispersal, And Lemur Species Loss In Southern Madagascar." American Journal Of Primatology 73.1 (2011): 25-37. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.20817/epdf

[7] Eppley, Timothy M.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Donati, Giuseppe (2015-04-07). "Cathemerality in a small, folivorous primate: proximate control of diel activity in Hapalemur meridionalis". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69 (6): 991–1002. doi:10.1007/s00265-015-1911-3

[8] Starling, Anne P.; Charpentier, Marie J. E.; Fitzpatrick, Courtney; Scordato, Elizabeth S.; Drea, Christine M. (2010-01-01). "Seasonality, sociality, and reproduction: Long-term stressors of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)". Hormones and Behavior. Sex-specific Therapeutic Strategies based on Neuroactivie Steroids: In Search of Innovative tools for NeuroprotectionSex-specific Therapeutic Strategies based on Neuroactivie Steroids 57(1): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.016.

[9] Petter, J. J. (1962-12-01) "Ecological and Behavioral Studies of Madagascar Lemurs in the Field" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 102 (2): 267–281. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13645.x.

  1. ↑ "Madagascar: Lemurs could be extinct 'very soon' experts warn". The Independent. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  2. ↑ "Crisis in Madagascar: 90 Percent of Lemur Species Are Threatened with Extinction". blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  3. ↑ "Lemur poaching on the rise due to unrest in Madagascar". blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  4. ↑ "Bookmarkable URL intermediate page". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑
  8. ↑
  9. ↑
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