Letters of the Living

The Báb's tablet to the first Letter of the Living, Mullá Husayn

The Letters of the Living (Arabic: حروف الحي‎) was a title provided by the Báb to the first eighteen disciples of the Bábí Religion. In some understandings the Báb places himself at the head of this list (as the first letter). In this article, the former notation will be used except when specifically said otherwise.

Mystical meaning

The Báb named the first eighteen believers in his mission as the Letters of the Living (Ḥurúfu'l-ḥayy in Arabic). One of the Báb's titles was the "Primal Point" (nuqti-yi-úlá). As Bahá'i scholar Moojan Momen explains:

The Eighteen 'Letters of the Living' manifested themselves in the last, i.e. the Muhammadan Manifestation in the persons of the Fourteen Holy Souls (i.e. the Prophet himself, his daughter Fatima, and the Twelve Imams of whom the first, 'Ali, was her husband, and the remainder her descendants) and the Four Gates (or Bábs) who successively acted as channels of communication between the Twelfth Imam, or Imam Mahdi, and the faithful, during the period of his 'Lesser Occultation' …. The terms 'Point' and 'Letter; were originally suggested by the formula Bi'smi'llahi'r-Rahmani'r-Rahim (In the Name of the Merciful, Compassionate God), which contains 19 letters, the first (B) distinguished by a point or dot beneath it; and by 'Ali's alleged saying, 'All that is in the Qur'an is ... in the Bi'smi'llah ... and I am the Point beneath the B.'[1]

The 19 letters of the Basmala are (note Arabic is "read" right to left): ب س م ا ل ل ه ا ل ر ح م ن ا ل ر ح ي م. ((in English) m a l l e t h a l m n a l t h m j s b.)

Additionally, the Báb says:

…the Five Letters of Hell-Fire when separated become 19, as God says: 'Over it (Hell) are Nineteen';[Quran 74:30] and so also the Letters in the Five Letters of Affirmation are nineteen.

[- And Momen comments:] "i.e. Muhammad, 'Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn, which together contain 19 letters in Arabic."[1]

The title "Point" may also refer to the divine and worldly aspects of the Manifestation of God, similar to the geometric point, which is without specific dimension and connects the physical with the nonphysical world.[2]

The term "Hayy" means The Living and is used as one of the names of God in Islamic and Bábí scriptures.[2]

In addition to the 19 letters themselves, in the Abjad numerals system the letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. The Arabic letters h ح and y ي, which compose the Arabic singular adjective meaning "living" in the phrase Letters of the Living, add up to 18, and therefore the phrase Letters of the Living refers to the number 18. There is a similar symbolism about the numerical value of the corresponding Hebrew word in Judaism.

The Báb referred to the 18 Letters of the Living, along with himself, as the first Váḥid of the Bayán Dispensation. In the Abjad numerical value of the word Wáḥid (واحد) is 19. The word Wáḥid means "One". The Báb used this term as a reference to God and his Manifestations.[3]

The Letters

The Letters are listed here in the order given by Nabíl in The Dawn-Breakers,[4] and supported by Qatíl al-Karbalá'í except where indicated:

Mullá Hụsayn

Main article: Mullá Husayn

Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í

Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í was the second Letter of the Living, and the brother of Mullá Husayn. He, his sons, Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í, and Mullá Ḥusayn travelled to Shiraz in search of the Qá'im; where the Báb revealed his message.

He was killed during the Battle of Fort Tabarsi. Bábís consider him a martyr.

Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í

Muḥammad-Báqir Bushrú'í was the third Letter of the Living, and the nephew of Mullá Husayn. He and Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í (his father) travelled with his uncle Mullá Ḥusayn to Shiraz in search of the Qá'im where the Báb revealed his message.

He was killed in the fighting at the Battle of Fort Tabarsi. Bábís consider him a martyr.

Mullá `Alí Basṭámí

This first Bábí martyr.

Mullá Khudá-Bakhsh Qúchání

Later named Mullá `Alí(*)

Mullá Ḥasan Bajistání

Mullá Ḥasan Bajistání was the sixth Letter of the Living. He did not play a significant role as a Bábí and seemed to have expressed his doubts of the Bábs message during a meeting with Bahá'u'lláh.

It is unlikely he played a significant role in the Azali-Bahá'í debate that followed.

Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí

Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí was the seventh Letter of the Living. He is known as the Báb's amanuensis who shared his imprisonment in Maku and then Chihriq. In the story of the Báb's execution, he is the secretary that the Báb spoke to before being taken away to be shot.

Siyyid Ḥusayn Yazdí was executed in Tehran in 1852 in the aftermath on the attempt on the Shah's life.

Mullá Muḥammad Rawḍih-Khán Yazdí

He... remained apart from other Bábís and was generally known as a Shaykhi. But he never renounced his faith and taught it whenever he could. (H.M. Balyuzi, The Bab - The Herald of the Day of Days, p. 27)

Sa`íd Hindí(*)

According to the official website of the Bahá'ís of Pakistan, Sa`íd Hindí was a native of Multan, in present day Pakistan. He was one of the students of Siyyid Kazim Rashti in Iraq. Sa`íd Hindí met the Báb after He declared His mission in 1844. The Báb sent him to India to announce the news of His advent. Sa`íd Hindí reached Multan in that very year to share the Báb's message with his fellow countrymen.[5] Sayyid Basir Hindí, one of Sa`íd Hindí's contacts and a blind man of Sufi background from the Multan area, embraced the Bábí Faith and set out on pilgrimage to Shiraz in Iran to meet the Báb.[6]

Mullá Maḥmud Khu'í

He was killed at Battle of Fort Tabarsi.

Mullá (`Abdu'l-)Jalíl Urúmí (Urdúbádí)

He was killed at Battle of Fort Tabarsi.

Mullá Aḥmad-i-Ibdál Marághi'í

He was killed at Battle of Fort Tabarsi.

Mullá Báqir Tabrízí

Mullá Báqir Tabrízí was the Thirteenth Letter of the Living. He survived all of the other Letters of the Living. He was the only Letter to embrace the Cause of Bahá'u'lláh, and remain devoted and loyal to Him.

He accompanied Bahá'u'lláh to the Battle of Fort Tabarsi and was present at the Conference of Badasht.

He received a letter from the Báb saying he would attain "Him whom God shall make manifest" in the year 'eight' (1268 AH). Soon after Bahá'u'lláh's release from the Siyáh-Chál of Tihran, Mullah Baqir obtained His presence and quickly became a believer and teacher of the Cause. Most of his teaching with was based in Adhirbayjan.

He died in Istanbul in around 1881.

Mullá Yúsuf Ardibílí(*)

Mullá Yúsuf Ardibílí was the fourteenth Letter of the Living.

He was killed in the fighting at the Battle of Fort Tabarsi. Bábís consider him a martyr.

Mullá Hádí Qazvíní

Qatíl has Mullá Muhammad-i-Mayáma'í in his place among the Letters of the Living.

Mullá Muḥammad-`Alí Qazvíní

Ṭáhirih's brother-in-law. Killed at Battle of Fort Tabarsi.

Ṭáhirih(*)

Main article: Táhirih

Quddús

Main article: Quddús

(*) - Not included in the list provided by Qatíl which was created far earlier. He does not however provide alternatives and leaves the count at fourteen.

Although the Báb seems to have written a tablet to each of the letters, the names are not on any of them so the identities cannot be confirmed.

Of these the most distinguished are Mullá Ḥusayn, Ṭáhirih and Quddús. Ṭáhirih is singled out because she is the only woman and recognised the Báb without even meeting him. She sent a letter of belief through her brother-in-law and was sure he would find the Báb.

Polemical claims about the Letters

The Letters of the Living were all appointed by the Báb in the period between May 1844, when he first declared his mission and October 1844 when he set out for his pilgrimage to Mecca. Individuals such as Mírzá Yaḥyá, Bahá'u'lláh, Áqá Sayyid `Ali Arab and Mullá Rajab `Ali who all became Bábís after this period were not and could not have been part of the Letters of the Living as has been claimed in some accounts.

Most of the Letters died in Bábí uprisings before Bahá'u'lláh started the Bahá'í Faith.

Mírzá Yaḥyá amongst the Letters

It has been stated that Mírzá Yaḥyá was the fourth of the Letters of the Living (where the Báb would be the first) by E.G. Browne in A Traveller's Narrative (page xvi). The book does not include any other details of the Letters and is against the Bahá'ís' commonly accepted view that Mulla Ḥusayn's brother and nephew recognised the Báb shortly after him (since they'd take the third and fourth place).

Also the paragraph claims that Bahá'u'lláh was also in the group. The assertion that either were Letters is contrary to Bahá'í accounts.

It is notable that Mírzá Yaḥyá would have been 12, or perhaps 13 at the declaration of the Báb.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Edward Granville Browne; Moojan Momen (1987). Selections from the Writings of E.G. Browne on the Bábı́ and Bahá'ı́ Religions. Ronald. pp. 325, 328. ISBN 978-0-85398-246-3.
  2. 1 2 Editors (2009). "Letters of the Living (Hurúf-i-Hayy)". Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project. Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States.
  3. ↑ Notes by the Universal House of Justice, Iraj Ayman, Muhammad Afnán, Robert Stockman. Bayán: The symbol of "Letters" and the Letters of the Living
  4. ↑ Nabíl, The Dawn-Breakers, Chapter 3, p. 80
  5. ↑ "Bahá’í Faith in Pakistan". official website of the Bahá'ís of Pakistan. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  6. ↑ Manuchehri, Sepehr (March 2001). "Historical Account of two Indian Babis: Sa'en Hindi and Sayyid Basir Hindi". Biographies and Unpublished Articles. Bahai-Library.com. Retrieved May 22, 2014.

External links

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