Lexical entrainment
Lexical entrainment is the phenomenon in conversational linguistics of the process of the subject adopting the reference terms of their interlocutor. In practice, it acts as a mechanism of the cooperative principle in which both parties to the conversation employ lexical entrainment as a progressive system to develop "conceptual pacts"[1] (a working temporary conversational terminology) to ensure maximum clarity of reference in the communication between the parties; this process is necessary to overcome the ambiguity[2] inherent in the multitude of synonyms that exist in language.
Lexical entrainment arises by two cooperative mechanisms:[3]
- Embedded corrections - a reference to the object implied by the context of the sentence, but with no explicit reference to the change in terminology
- Exposed corrections - an explicit reference to the change in terminology, possibly including a request to assign the referent a common term (e.g., "by 'girl,' do you mean 'Jane'?")
Violation of Grice's Maxim of Quantity
Once lexical entrainment has come to determine the phrasing for a referent, both parties will use that terminology for the referent for the duration, even if it proceeds to violate the Gricean maxim of quantity. For example, if one wants to refer to a brown loafer out of a set of shoes that consist of: the loafer, a sneaker, and a high-heeled shoe, they will not use the shoe to describe the object as this phrasing does not unambiguously describe one item in the set under consideration. They will also not call the object the brown loafer which would violate Grice's maxim of quantity. The speaker will settle on using the term the loafer as it is just informative enough without giving too much information.[4]
Another important factor is lexical availability; the ease of conceptualizing a referent in a certain way and then retrieving and producing a label for it. For many objects the most available labels are basic nouns; for example, the word "dog". Instead of saying animal or husky for the referent, most subjects will default to dog. If in a set of objects one is to refer to either a husky, a table, and a poster, people are still most likely to use the word "dog." This is technically a violation of Grice's maxim of quantity, as using the term animal is ideal.
Applications
Lexical entrainment has applications in natural language processing in computers as well as human-human interaction. Currently, the adaptability of computers to modify their referencing to the terms of their human interlocutor is limited, so the entrainment adaptation falls to the human operator; this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in Brennan's 1996 experiment. [1]
References
- 1 2 Brennan, Susan (1996). "Lexical entrainment in spontaneous dialog". Proceedings, 1996 International Symposium on Spoken Dialogue (ISSD-96): 41–44.
- ↑ Deutsch, Werner; Pechmann, Thomas (1982). "Social interaction and the development of definite descriptions". Cognition 11: 159–184. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(82)90024-5.
- ↑ Garrod, Simon; Anderson, Anthony (1987). "Saying what you mean in dialogue: A study in conceptual and semantic co-ordination". Cognition 27: 181–218. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90018-7.
- ↑ Brennan, Susan; Clark, Herbert H. (1996). "Conceptual Pacts and Lexical Choice in Conversation". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22 (6): 1482–1493. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1482.