Wheatpaste

A poster by Morley adhered with wheat paste in Los Angeles.
A poster adhered by wheat paste. By Smear in Los Angeles from 2005.
An arrow adhered by wheat paste from street artist ABOVE on the side of a freight train in California, 2002.

Wheat paste (also known as flour paste, or simply paste) is a gel or liquid adhesive made from wheat flour or starch and water. It has been used since antiquity for various arts and crafts such as book binding, découpage, collage, papier-mâché, and adhering paper posters and notices to walls. Closely resembling wallpaper paste, a crude wheat flour paste can be made by mixing roughly equal portions of flour and water and heating until the mixture thickens.

A critical difference among wheat pastes is the division between those made from flour and those made from starch. Vegetable flours contain both gluten and starch. Over time the gluten in a flour paste cross-links, making it very difficult to release the adhesive. Using only starch, a fine quality, fully reversible paste can be produced. The latter is the standard adhesive for paper conservation.

Besides wheat, other vegetables also are processed into flours and starches from which pastes can be made: characteristics (e.g. strength, reversibility) vary with the plant species, manufacturer's processing, and recipe of the end-user.

Uses

A common use is to make chains of paper rings made from colored construction paper. It can also be used to create papier-mâché.

In the fine arts, wheat starch paste is often used in preparation and presentation. A good wheat starch paste has a strength compatible with many paper artifacts, remains reversible over time, is neither too acidic or alkaline, and is white.

Activists and various subculture proponents often use this adhesive to flypost propaganda and artwork. It has also commonly been used by commercial bill posters since the nineteenth century. In particular, it was widely used by nineteenth and twentieth century circus bill posters, who developed a substantial culture around paste manufacture and postering campaigns.[1] In the field of alcohol and nightclub advertising, in the 1890s, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's posters were so popular that instructions were published on how to peel down the pasted posters without damage.[2]

Until the 1970s, commercial poster hangers always "cooked" their own paste, but since then many have bought pre-cooked instant pastes.[3] It is applied to the backside of paper then placed on flat surfaces, particularly concrete and metal as it does not adhere well to wood or plastic. Cheap, rough paper such as newsprint, works well, as it can be briefly dipped in the mixture to saturate the fibres.

When hanging unauthorized billboards or signage, to reduce the danger of being caught, wheatpasters frequently work in teams or affinity groups. In the US and Canada this process is typically called "wheatpasting" or "poster bombing," even when using commercial wallpaper paste instead of traditional wheat paste. In Britain the term for the verb "wheatpasting" is "flyposting."

Etymology

The words paste, pasta, and pastry have a common heritage, deriving from the Late Latin pasta (dough or pastry cake), itself deriving from the ancient Greek pasta, meaning "barley porridge". In English, paste is used as would be "dough" in the 12th century, or "glue" in the 15th century.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Circus Boys on the Plains, Project Gutenberg e-text, originally published 1911.
  2. ↑ Posters Weren't the Half of Him, New York Times Book Review, 16 January 2000, accessed July 2006.
  3. ↑ Ethical Considerations for the Conservation of Circus Posters, WAAC Newsletter, 17(2), May 1995, accessed July 2006
  4. ↑ Paste, Online Etymology Dictionary
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