Lindeberg's condition

In probability theory, Lindeberg's condition is a sufficient condition (and under certain conditions also a necessary condition) for the central limit theorem (CLT) to hold for a sequence of independent random variables.^[1][2][3] Unlike the classical CLT, which requires that the random variables in question have finite mean and variance and be both independent and identically distributed, Lindeberg's CLT only requires that they have finite mean and variance, satisfy Lindeberg's condition, and be independent. It is named after the Finnish mathematician Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg.^[4]

Statement

Let $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$ be a probability space, and $X_k : \Omega \to \mathbb{R},\,\, k \in \mathbb{N}$, be independent random variables defined on that space. Assume the expected values $\mathbb{E}\,[X_k] = \mu_k$ and variances $\mathrm{Var}\,[X_k] = \sigma_k^2$ exist and are finite. Also let $s_n^2 := \sum_{k=1}^n \sigma_k^2 .$

If this sequence of independent random variables $X_k$ satisfies Lindeberg's condition:

$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{s_n^2}\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \mathbb{E}\big[(X_k - \mu_k)^2 \cdot \mathbf{1}_{\{ | X_k - \mu_k | > \varepsilon s_n \}} \big] = 0$

for all $\varepsilon > 0$, where 1_{…} is the indicator function, then the central limit theorem holds, i.e. the random variables

$Z_n := \frac{\sum_{k = 1}^n \left( X_k - \mu_k \right)}{s_n}$

converge in distribution to a standard normal random variable as $n \to \infty.$

Lindeberg's condition is sufficient, but not in general necessary (i.e. the inverse implication does not hold in general). However, if the sequence of independent random variables in question satisfies

$\max_{k=1,\ldots,n} \frac{\sigma_k^2}{s_n^2} \to 0, \quad \text{ as } n \to \infty,$

then Lindeberg's condition is both sufficient and necessary, i.e. it holds if and only if the result of central limit theorem holds.

Interpretation

Because the Lindeberg condition implies $\max_{k=1,\ldots,n}\frac{\sigma^2_k}{s_n^2} \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$, it guarantees that the contribution of any individual random variable $X_k$ ($1\leq k\leq n$) to the variance $s_n^2$ is arbitrarily small, for sufficiently large values of $n$.

See also

• Lyapunov condition
• Central limit theorem

References

1. Billingsley, P. (1986). Probability and Measure (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 369.
2. Ash, R. B. (2000). Probability and measure theory (2nd ed.). p. 307.
3. Resnick, S. I. (1999). A probability Path. p. 314.
4. Lindeberg, J. W. (1922). "Eine neue Herleitung des Exponentialgesetzes in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung". Mathematische Zeitschrift 15 (1): 211–225. doi:10.1007/BF01494395.