Linga Purana

The Linga Purana (लिंग पुराण, IAST: Liṅga Purāṇa) one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, and a Shaivism text of Hinduism.[1][2] The text's title Linga refers to the iconography for Shiva.[1][3]

The author(s) and date of the Linga Purana is unknown, and the estimates place the original text to have been composed between the 5th- to 10th-century CE. The text exists in many inconsistent versions, and was likely revised over time and expanded.[2][4] The extant text is structured into two parts, with a cumulative total of 163 chapters.[5]

The text presents cosmology, mythology, seasons, festivals, geography, a tour guide for pilgrimage (Tirtha), a manual for the design and consecration of the Linga and Nandi, stotras, the importance of these icons, a description of Yoga with claims of its various benefits.[1][2][6]

Date and structure

The estimate composition dates for the oldest core of Linga Purana vary between scholars, ranging from the 5th-century CE to 10th-century.[2][7]

Like all the Puranas, the Linga Purana, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:[4]

As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
— Cornelia Dimmitt and J.A.B. van Buitenen, Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas[4]

The Linga Purana survives in many versions, consisting of two parts – the Purva-bhaga (older part, sometimes called Purvardha) with 108 chapters and Uttara-bhaga (later part, sometimes called Uttarardha) with 55 chapters.[1][5] However, the manuscripts of the text assert in verse 2.55.37 that the Uttara-bhaga only has 46 chapters, suggesting that the text was expanded over time.[5] Some scholars suggest that the entire Uttara-bhaga may be a later insertion or attachment to the older part.[5]

The text is titled after its theme, that is the worship of Linga, and the text is primarily focussed on Shiva as Supreme.[1][8] However, along with Shiva-related themes, the Linga Purana includes chapters dedicated to Vedic themes, as well as includes reverence for Vishnu and Brahma.[5][9]

Contents

The Linga Purana discusses the idea of Ardhanarishvara (above), asserting that the goddess is the mother of the universe and she is the altar of the god. God and goddess, linga and yoni, are co-creators of the universe, both centers of power and divine splendor, states the text.[10]

Linga, states Alain Daniélou, means sign.[11] It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of Brahman, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less.[11] The Linga Purana states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless".[11] The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever changing nature.[11] The Linga Purana text builds on this foundation.[12]

The Linga Purana consists of two parts – the longer Purva-bhaga and the shorter Uttara-bhaga.[1][5] They discuss diverse range of topics, and illustrative sections include:

Ethics in Linga Purana

Giving help to everyone,
showing kindness to all,
is called the highest worship
of the Lord of eight forms.

— Linga Purana 2.13.35-36
Transl: Stella Kramrisch[19][20]

The Linga Purana is notable for its aggressiveness in retaliating against those who censure Shiva, suggesting in chapter 1.107 that Shiva devotee should be willing to give his life to end the censorship of Shiva, if necessary with violence against those who censure Shiva.[5] In Chapter 1.78, the text also emphasizes the virtues of non-violence, stating, "violence should be avoided always, and at all places."[21]

The Linga Purana's ideas incorporate, states Stella Kramrisch, those of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.[12] The chapter 1.17 of the Linga Purana introduces Linga as Pradhana or Prakriti (cosmic substance), while Shiva is described as Lingin, or one with this "subtle body".[12] Linga is presented by the text as an abstract concept, contrasted with Alinga (Vyakta), along with its phallic significance and sexual truth in nature's process of life creation. The verses of the text, states Kramrisch, presents Linga as an aniconic symbol of both the matter and the spirit, the Prakriti and the Purusha, whereby the "powers of creation, liberation and annihilation" are symbolized by the icon.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dalal 2014, p. 223.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Rocher 1986, pp. 187-188.
  3. ↑ K P Gietz 1992, p. 435 with note 2389.
  4. 1 2 3 Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, p. 5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rocher 1986, p. 187.
  6. ↑ K P Gietz 1992, p. 435 with note 2390.
  7. ↑ Fred W. Clothey (1978). The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. Walter de Gruyter. p. 224.
  8. ↑ K P Gietz 1992, p. 435 with note 2388.
  9. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapters: The greatness of Narayana, The glory of Vishnu, etc JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 589-628
  10. ↑ Kramrisch 1994, pp. 246-247, 205-206.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Alain Daniélou (1991). The Myths and Gods of India. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 222–224. ISBN 978-0-89281-354-4.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Kramrisch 1994, pp. 171-185.
  13. ↑ Tracy Pintchman (2015). The rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. p. 242 with footnote 150. ISBN 978-1-4384-1618-2.
  14. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 1.55-1.61 JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 215-238
  15. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 1.46 JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 181-209
  16. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 1.92 JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 486-501, 378-382
  17. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 1.88-1.89 JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 1 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 27-37, 458-477
  18. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 13: The eight bodies of Shiva JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 650, 789-791
  19. ↑ Kramrisch 1994, p. 111.
  20. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 13: The eight bodies of Shiva JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, page 650
  21. ↑ Linga Purana, Chapter 1.78 JL Shastri (Translator, 1951), Part 2 of 2, Motilal Banarsidass, page 387

Bibliography

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, March 08, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.