Linnaeus' flower clock
Linnaeus' flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carolus Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time.[1][2] He proposed the concept in his 1751 publication Philosophia Botanica, calling it the Horologium Florae (lit. "flower clock").[3][4] He may never have planted such a garden, but the idea was attempted by several botanical gardens in the early 19th century, with mixed success. Many plants exhibit a strong circadian rhythm (see also Chronobiology), and a few have been observed to open at quite a regular time, but the accuracy of such a clock is diminished because flowering time is affected by weather and seasonal effects. The flowering times recorded by Linnaeus are also subject to differences in daylight due to latitude: his measurements are based on flowering times in Uppsala, where he taught and had received his university education.
The plants suggested for use by Linnaeus are given in the table below, ordered by recorded opening time; "-" signifies that data are missing. [5]
| Botanical name | Common name | Opening time | Closing time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tragopogon pratensis | Goat's-Beard | 3 a.m. | - |
| Leontodon hispidum L. | Rough Hawkbit | by 4 a.m. | - |
| Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub | Bristly ox-tongue | 4-5 a.m. | - |
| Cichorium intybus L. | Chicory | 4-5 a.m. | - |
| Crepis tectorum L. | Hawk's Beard | 4-5 a.m. | - |
| Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth | False Sow thistle | by 6 a.m. | 10 a.m. |
| Sonchus oleraceus L. | Sow thistle | 5 a.m. | 12 p.m. |
| Taraxacum officinale Weber | Dandelion | 5 a.m. | 8-9 a.m. |
| Crepis alpina L. | Hawk's beard | 5 a.m. | 11 a.m. |
| Tragopogon hybridus L. | Goat's beard | 5 a.m. | 11 a.m. |
| Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertner | - | 5 a.m. | 10 a.m. |
| Lapsana chondrilloides L. | - | 5 a.m. | - |
| Convolvulus tricolor L. | Bindweed, Morning Glory | 5 a.m. | - |
| Hypochaeris maculata L. | Spotted cat's ear | 6 a.m. | 4-5 p.m. |
| Hieracium umbellatum L. | Hawkweed | 6 a.m. | 5 p.m. |
| Hieracium murorum L. | Hawkweed | 6 a.m. | 2 p.m. |
| Crepis rubra L. | - | 6 a.m. | 1-2 p.m. |
| Sonchus arvensis L. | Field milk-thistle | 6 a.m. | - |
| Sonchus palustris L. | Marsh sow-thistle | by 7 a.m. | 2 p.m. |
| Leontodon autumnale L. | Hawkweed | 7 a.m. | 3 p.m. |
| Hieracium sabaudum L. | Hawkweed | 7 a.m. | 1-2 p.m. |
| Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr. | Blue sow-thistle | 7 a.m. | 12 p.m. |
| Lactuca sativa L. | Garden Lettuce | 7 a.m. | 10 a.m |
| Calendula pluvialis L. | - | 7 a.m. | 3-4 p.m. |
| Nymphaea alba L. | White Waterlily | 7 a.m. | 5 p.m. |
| Anthericum ramosum L. | St. Bernard's Lily | 7 a.m. | - |
| Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. | - | 7-8 a.m. | 2 p.m. |
| Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) Schmidt subsp. cretica (L.) Hayck |
- | 7-8 a.m. | 2 p.m. |
| Trichodiadema babrata (L.) Schwartes | - | 7-8 a.m. | 2 p.m. |
| Hieracium pilosella L. | Mouse-ear Hawkweed | 8 a.m. | - |
| Anagallis arvensis L. | Scarlet pimpernell | 8 a.m. | - |
| Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) Ball & Heywood | Proliferous Pink | 8 a.m. | 1 p.m. |
| Hypochaeris glabra L. | Smooth cat's-ear | 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. |
| Malva caroliniana L. | - | 9-10 a.m. | 1 p.m. |
| Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl | Sand spurrey | 9-10 a.m. | 2-3 p.m. |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum | Ice-Plant | 9-10 a.m. | 3-4 p.m. |
| Cryophytum nodiflorum (L.) L. Bol. | Ice-Plant | 10-11 a.m | 3 p.m. |
| Calendula officinalis L. | Pot marigold | - | 3 p.m. |
| Hieracium aurantiacum | Hawkweed | - | 3-4 p.m. |
| Anthericium ramosum L. (syn. Anthericum album) | - | - | 3-4 p.m. |
| Alyssum alyssoides L. | - | - | 4 p.m. |
| Papaver nudicaule L. | Iceland poppy | - | 7 p.m. |
| Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. | Day-lily | - | 7-8 p.m. |
Some 30 years before Linnaeus' birth, such a floral clock may have been described by Andrew Marvell, in his poem "The Garden" (1678):
How well the skilful gardener drew
Of flow'rs and herbs this dial new;
Be reckoned but with herbs and flow'rs!
Where from above the milder sun
Does through a fragrant zodiac run;
And, as it works, th' industrious bee
Computes its time as well as we.
How could such sweet and wholesome hours
See also
References
- ↑ Anonymous (March 2013 (acc. January 17, 2014)). "Linnaeus’ Floral Clock.". The Linnean Society of London. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Coturnix (May 23, 2007 (acc. January 17, 2014)). "Carolus Linnaeus’ Floral Clocks.". sciencesblogs.com. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ C Linnaeus (1751 (acc. January 22, 2014)). "Philosophia Botanica, section 335.". scientificlatin.org. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ C Linnaeus (transl.: H Rose) (1775 (acc. January 22, 2014)). "The elements of botany ... Being a translation of the Philosophia botanica, and other treatises of the celebrated Linnæus, to which is added an appendix, wherein are described some plants lately found in Norfolk and Suffolk (1775), section CCCXXXV, page 382ff.". London, T. Cadell Publ. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ BG Gardiner (2007 (acc. January 17, 2014)). "Linnaeus’ Floral Clock." (PDF). The Linnean Society of London. Check date values in:
|date=(help)