Lionel Anderson

Lionel Anderson, alias Munson (died 1710) was an English Dominican priest, who was falsely accused of treason in Popish Plot, a fabrication of Titus Oates.^[1] He was convicted of treason, simply on the technical ground that he had acted as a Catholic priest within England, contrary to an Elizabethan statute, but he was eventually released and sent into exile, after a biased trial and a term of imprisonment.^[2]

Trial

Anderson had taken an oath of loyalty to King Charles II, and had accordingly been allowed to live quietly in England, with tacit Government permission, since 1671; he was left in peace for a short time even after the invention of the Plot.^[3] In time however the mounting hysteria made protection of any priest, even if he had sworn an oath of loyalty, impossible. He was arrested in 1679 and tried with six others for high treason under the statute 27 Eliz. c. 2, which banished from the realm all subjects of her Majesty born within her dominions who had received orders from the Papacy. This statute, which under Elizabeth I had been very vigorously administered, became after her death practically a dead letter, and so remained until the panic into which the nation was thrown by the fabrications of Oates and Bedloe led to its resuscitation.

The trial was held at the Old Bailey on 17 January 1680 before Lord Chief Justice Sir William Scroggs, Lord Chief Baron William Montagu, justices Edward Atkyns, William Dolben, William Ellis, Thomas Jones, Francis Pemberton, the Recorder of London, Sir George Jeffreys and a jury.^[4] The prisoners (like all those accused of treason until 1695) were not allowed the benefit of counsel, and indeed the most skilful advocate would have been of little avail before judges who were determined to presume everything against rather than for the accused. Sir John Kelynge and Mr. Serjeant Stroke prosecuted. The witnesses were Oates, Bedloe, Thomas Dangerfield, and Miles Prance.

Dangerfield, who was a notorious thief and confidence trickster, and well known to be such by Scroggs and his fellow judges, thus proved Anderson to be a priest: ‘My lord, about the latter end of May of beginning of June, when I was a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench Prison, this person took occasion to speak privately to me, and desired me to go into his room. He told me that he had received a letter from my lady Powis, and that letter was burnt. But the next letter that came from my Lady Powis he would show it me. And he did so; and the contents of the letter was, as near as I can remember, just this: “Sir, you must desire Willoughby (i.e. Dangerfield) to scour his kettle,” which was to confess and receive the sacrament to be true to the cause.’ Anderson in return heaped on Dangerfield every insult he could think of, with little interference from the Bench; the judges already regarded Dangerfield with contempt, and Scroggs would within a few months start to instruct juries to disregard his evidence, he being "so notorious a villain".

Anderson pleaded that in staying in the realm he was acting under an order from the Privy Council, and demanded that the three points necessary to bring him within the statute— (1) that he was born in England, (2) that he had received orders from the see of Rome, (3) that in remaining within the realm he was acting contrary to the statute—should be expressly proved. No evidence was forthcoming to prove any one of them, but the judges presumed them all against him, holding that the mere fact of his having performed mass (which he admitted) was sufficient to make him guilty; and so they held of all the prisoners. On the other hand J.P. Kenyon points out that all seven were in fact priests, and some of them like Anderson himself, Maurus Corker and the colorful, one-legged Civil War veteran Colonel Henry Starkey, were well known to be such by the Government. To that extent, he argues, the trial was something of a formality.

Verdict and reprieve

One of the accused, however, Alexander Lumsden by name, proving to be Scots by birth, was acquitted (after the initial hysteria began to diminish, the judges accepted that the statute 27 Eliz. c.2 did not apply to Scots or Irish priests who happened to be in England). ^[5] Another, David Kemish or Kemiss, who was a very old man and too ill to defend himself, was remanded in custody, so, Scroggs remarked, "that the world may not say we are grown barbarous and inhumane", and he died in prison ten days later.^[6] All the others were sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, but J.P. Kenyon, in his definitive account of the Popish Plot, concludes that they were all reprieved (Corker certainly was since he survived until 1715, while Colonel Starkey had been set at liberty by November 1680, although we hear of him in prison again in 1683).^[7]

The court did promise to remind the King that Anderson had sworn an oath of loyalty to him. and evidently kept that promise. This may have been crucial in his obtaining a reprieve, although the Government does not seem to have been seeking blood on this occasion, to judge by the clemency shown to Kemiss, Corker and Starkey. Anderson was banished from England with strict orders never to return. He had greatly embarrassed the Government by giving evidence that he had express permission from the Privy Council to remain in England; as Kenyon remarks it would surely have been wiser for the Government to spare themselves this embarrassment by simply leaving him in prison without a trial.^[8]

Family

In an account of the trial published shortly after its occurrence Anderson is described as ‘an ancient man and seeming to be sick,’ and in the report of the trial itself there occurs a passage which suggests that he was suffering from physical weakness; but his bearing on that trying occasion indicates firmness and courage, and his manner of conducting his defence exhibits no trace of mental decay. Possibly the report confused Anderson with David Kemish, who was so old and frail that the Court found him unfit to stand trial, allowing him to die in prison. In the course of the trial Oates having alleged that Anderson was an Oxfordshire man, he denied it, asserting that he was the son of a gentleman of quality in Lincolnshire, well known to the Lord Chief Baron Montagu, a statement which that judge did not hesitate to corroborate; and this is also borne out by his alias Munson, which is obviously identical with Mounson or Monson, the name of an ancient Lincolnshire family with which the Andersons of that county had often intermarried. Collier, in his ‘Historical Dictionary’ (2nd edition, 1688), notices one Lionel Anderson as lineally descended from the ancient family of the Andersons of Northumberland (afterwards settled in Lincolnshire), assigning Broughton as the chief seat of the family, and mentioning amongst others of their marriage connections the family of the Mounsons.

References

•  "Anderson, Lionel". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
• Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000

Notes

1.  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Lionel Albert Anderson". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2. White, Allan. "Anderson, Lionel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/492. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
3. Kenyon pp.219-20
4. Kenyon p.219
5. Kenyon p.205, although this did not save the unfortunate Fr Charles Mahoney, an Irish Franciscan who was executed for treason even though he proved that at the time of his arrest he had been passing through England on his way to France, and so was outside the terms of the statute.
6. Kenyon p.220
7. Kenyon p.223
8. Kenyon p.223

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Anderson, Lionel". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.